docker-mailserver/docs/content/faq.md

title
FAQ

What kind of database are you using?

None! No database is required. The filesystem is the database. This image is based on config files that can be persisted using bind mounts (default) or Docker volumes, and as such versioned, backed up and so forth.

Where are emails stored?

Mails are stored in /var/mail/${domain}/${username}. Since v9.0.0 it is possible to add custom user_attributes for each accounts to have a different mailbox configuration (See #1792).

How are IMAP mailboxes (aka IMAP Folders) set up?

INBOX is setup by default with the special IMAP folders Drafts, Sent, Junk and Trash. You can learn how to modify or add your own folders (including additional special folders like Archive) by visiting our docs page Customizing IMAP Folders for more information.

How do I update DMS?

Make sure to read the CHANGELOG before updating to new versions, to be prepared for possible breaking changes.

Then, run the following commands:

docker compose pull
docker compose down
docker compose up -d

You should see the new version number on startup, for example: [ INF ] Welcome to docker-mailserver 11.3.1. And you're done! Don't forget to have a look at the remaining functions of the setup.sh script with ./setup.sh help.

Which operating systems are supported?

• Linux is officially supported.
• Windows and macOS are not supported and users and have reported various issues running the image on these hosts.

As you'll realistically be deploying to production on a Linux host, if you are on Windows or macOS and want to run the image locally first, it's advised to do so via a VM guest running Linux if you have issues running DMS on your host system.

What are the system requirements?

Recommended

• 1 vCore
• 2GB RAM
• Swap enabled for the container

Minimum

• 1 vCore
• 512MB RAM
• You'll need to avoid running some services like ClamAV (disabled by default) to be able to run on a host with 512MB of RAM.

!!! warning

ClamAV can consume a lot of memory, as it reads the entire signature database into RAM.

Current figure is about 850M and growing. If you get errors about ClamAV or amavis failing to allocate memory you need more RAM or more swap and of course docker must be allowed to use swap (not always the case). If you can't use swap at all you may need 3G RAM.

How to alter a running DMS instance without relaunching the container?

DMS aggregates multiple "sub-services", such as Postfix, Dovecot, Fail2ban, SpamAssassin, etc. In many cases, one may edit a sub-service's config and reload that very sub-service, without stopping and relaunching the whole mail server.

In order to do so, you'll probably want to push your config updates to your server through a Docker volume (these docs use: ./docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/), then restart the sub-service to apply your changes, using supervisorctl. For instance, after editing fail2ban's config: supervisorctl restart fail2ban.

See the documentation for supervisorctl.

!!! tip To add, update or delete an email account; there is no need to restart postfix / dovecot service inside the container after using setup.sh script.

For more information, see [#1639][github-issue-1639].

How can I sync the container and host date/time?

Share the host's /etc/localtime with the container, e.g. by using a bind mount:

volumes:
  - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro

Optionally, you can set the TZ ENV variable; e.g. TZ=Europe/Berlin. Check this list for which values are allowed.

What About DNS Servers?

Properly working DNS servers are crucial for differentiating spam from legitimate e-mails. Records like SPF, DKIM and DMARC records, as well as working name (resolving A records) and reverse name (resolving PTR records) resolution ensures legitimate e-mails arrive while e-mails that are more likely phishing and spam do not.

Anti-spam measures (like SpamAssassin or Rspamd) make use of DNS block lists. To learn more check out our Rspamd documentation on this topic. In case you want to utilize RBL/DNSBLs, you need a recursive DNS resolver (not big custom resolvers like Cloudflare, Quad9, Google, etc.).

DMS does not integrate support for an internal DNS service as this is a responsibility that is sensitive to the host environment. You can configure internal services within DMS to use your own managed DNS server, or configure for such at the host or container level (such as with compose.yaml).

What is the file format?

All files are using the Unix format with LF line endings. Please do not use CRLF.

Do you support multiple domains?

DMS supports multiple domains out of the box, so you can do this:

./setup.sh email add user1@example.com
./setup.sh email add user1@example.de
./setup.sh email add user1@server.example.org

What about backups?

Bind mounts (default)

From the location of your compose.yaml, create a compressed archive of your docker-data/dms/config/ and docker-data/dms/mail-* folders:

tar --gzip -cf "backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz" ./docker-data/dms

Then to restore docker-data/dms/config/ and docker-data/dms/mail-* folders from your backup file:

tar --gzip -xf backup-date.tar.gz

Volumes

Assuming that you use docker-compose and data volumes, you can backup the configuration, emails and logs like this:

# create backup
docker run --rm -it \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/" \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/dms-backups/:/backup/" \
  --volumes-from mailserver \
  alpine:latest \
  tar czf "/backup/mail-$(date +%F).tar.gz" /var/mail /var/mail-state /var/log/mail /tmp/docker-mailserver

# delete backups older than 30 days
find "${PWD}/docker-data/dms-backups/" -type f -mtime +30 -delete

I Want to Know More About the Ports

See this part of the documentation for further details and best practice advice, especially regarding security concerns.

How can I configure my email client?

Login is full email address (<user>@<domain>).

# IMAP
username:           <user1@example.com>
password:           <mypassword>
server:             <mail.example.com>
imap port:          143 or 993 with STARTTLS/SSL (recommended)
imap path prefix:   INBOX

# SMTP
smtp port:          587 or 465 with STARTTLS/SSL (recommended)
username:           <user1@example.com>
password:           <mypassword>

DMS is properly configured for port 587, if possible, we recommend using port 465 for SMTP though. See this section to learn more about ports.

Can I use a naked/bare domain (i.e. no hostname)?

Yes, but not without some configuration changes. Normally it is assumed that DMS runs on a host with a name, so the fully qualified host name might be mail.example.com with the domain example.com. The MX records point to mail.example.com.

To use a bare domain (where the host name is example.com and the domain is also example.com), change mydestination:

• From: mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
• To: mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost

Add the latter line to docker-data/dms/config/postfix-main.cf. If that doesn't work, make sure that OVERRIDE_HOSTNAME is blank in your mailserver.env file. Without these changes there will be warnings in the logs like:

warning: do not list domain example.com in BOTH mydestination and virtual_mailbox_domains

Plus of course mail delivery fails.

Also you need to define hostname: example.com in your compose.yaml.

!!! tip "You might not want a bare domain"

We encourage you to consider using a subdomain where possible.

- There are [benefits][github-comment-baredomain] to preferring a subdomain.
- A bare domain is not required to have `user@example.com`, that is distinct from your hostname which is identified by a DNS MX record.

How can I configure a catch-all?

Considering you want to redirect all incoming e-mails for the domain example.com to user1@example.com, add the following line to docker-data/dms/config/postfix-virtual.cf:

@example.com user1@example.com

How can I delete all the emails for a specific user?

First of all, create a special alias named devnull by editing docker-data/dms/config/postfix-aliases.cf:

devnull: /dev/null

Considering you want to delete all the e-mails received for baduser@example.com, add the following line to docker-data/dms/config/postfix-virtual.cf:

baduser@example.com devnull

!!! important

If you use a catch-all rule for the main/sub domain, you need another entry in `docker-data/dms/config/postfix-virtual.cf`:

```cf
@mail.example.com hello@example.com
baduser@example.com devnull
devnull@mail.example.com devnull
```

What kind of SSL certificates can I use?

Both RSA and ECDSA certs are supported. You can provide your own cert files manually, or mount a letsencrypt generated directory (with alternative support for Traefik's acme.json). Check out the SSL_TYPE documentation for more details.

I just moved from my old mail server to DMS, but "it doesn't work"?

If this migration implies a DNS modification, be sure to wait for DNS propagation before opening an issue. Few examples of symptoms can be found here or here.

This could be related to a modification of your MX record, or the IP mapped to mail.example.com. Additionally, validate your DNS configuration.

If everything is OK regarding DNS, please provide formatted logs and config files. This will allow us to help you.

If we're blind, we won't be able to do anything.

Connection refused or No response at all

You see errors like "Connection Refused" and "Connection closed by foreign host", or you cannot connect at all? You may not be able to connect with your mail client (MUA)? Make sure to check Fail2Ban did not ban you (for exceeding the number of tried logins for example)! You can run

docker exec <CONTAINER NAME> setup fail2ban

and check whether your IP address appears. Use

docker exec <CONTAINER NAME> setup fail2ban unban <YOUR IP>

to unban the IP address.

How can I authenticate users with SMTP_ONLY=1?

See #1247 for an example.

!!! todo

Write a How-to / Use-Case / Tutorial about authentication with `SMTP_ONLY`.

Common Errors

Creating an alias or account with an address for hostname

Normally you will assign DMS a hostname such as mail.example.com. If you instead use a bare domain (such as example.com) or add an alias / account with the same value as your hostname, this can cause a conflict for mail addressed to @hostname as Postfix gets confused where to deliver the mail (hostname is configured for only system accounts via the Postfix main.cf setting mydestination).

When this conflict is detected you'll find logs similar to this:

warning: do not list domain mail.example.com in BOTH mydestination and virtual_mailbox_domains
...
NOQUEUE: reject: RCPT from HOST[IP]: 550 5.1.1 <RECIPIENT>: Recipient address rejected: User unknown in local recipient table; ...

Opt-out of mail being directed to services by excluding $myhostname as a destination with a postfix-main.cf override config:

mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost

!!! tip

You may want to configure a `postmaster` alias via `setup alias add` to receive system notifications.

!!! warning

Internal mail destined for `root`, `amavis` or other accounts will now no longer be received without an alias or account created for them.

How to use DMS behind a proxy

Using user-patches.sh, update the container file /etc/postfix/main.cf to include:

proxy_interfaces = X.X.X.X (your public IP)

For reverse proxy support you will want to view our dedicated guide.

How to restrict login by IP?

There are a few ways you could approach this, see this discussion answer for advice.

How to adjust settings with the user-patches.sh script

Suppose you want to change a number of settings that are not listed as variables or add things to the server that are not included?

DMS has a built-in way to do post-install processes. If you place a script called user-patches.sh in the config directory it will be run after all configuration files are set up, but before the postfix, amavis and other daemons are started.

It is common to use a local directory for config added to docker-mailsever via a volume mount in your compose.yaml (eg: ./docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/).

Add or create the script file to your config directory:

cd ./docker-data/dms/config
touch user-patches.sh
chmod +x user-patches.sh

Then fill user-patches.sh with suitable code.

If you want to test it you can move into the running container, run it and see if it does what you want. For instance:

# start shell in container
./setup.sh debug login

# check the file
cat /tmp/docker-mailserver/user-patches.sh

# run the script
/tmp/docker-mailserver/user-patches.sh

# exit the container shell back to the host shell
exit

You can do a lot of things with such a script. You can find an example user-patches.sh script here: example user-patches.sh script.

We also have a very similar docs page specifically about this feature!

!!! attention "Special use-case - patching the supervisord configuration"

It seems worth noting, that the `user-patches.sh` gets executed through `supervisord`. If you need to patch some supervisord config (e.g. `/etc/supervisor/conf.d/saslauth.conf`), the patching happens too late.

An easy workaround is to make the `user-patches.sh` reload the supervisord config after patching it:

```bash
#!/bin/bash
sed -i 's/rimap -r/rimap/' /etc/supervisor/conf.d/saslauth.conf
supervisorctl update
```

How to ban custom IP addresses with Fail2ban

Use the following command:

./setup.sh fail2ban ban <IP>

The default bantime is 180 days. This value can be customized.

What to do in case of SPF/Forwarding problems

If you got any problems with SPF and/or forwarding mails, give SRS a try. You enable SRS by setting ENABLE_SRS=1. See the variable description for further information.

Why are my emails not being delivered?

There are many reasons why email might be rejected, common causes are:

• Wrong or untrustworthy SSL certificate.
• A TLD (your domain) or IP address with a bad reputation.
• Misconfigured DNS records.

DMS does not manage those concerns, verify they are not causing your delivery problems before reporting a bug on our issue tracker. Resources that can help you troubleshoot:

• mail-tester can test your deliverability.
• helloinbox provides a checklist of things to improve your deliverability.

SpamAssasin

How can I manage my custom SpamAssassin rules?

Anti-spam rules are managed in docker-data/dms/config/spamassassin-rules.cf.

Why are SpamAssassin x-headers not inserted into my subdomain.example.com subdomain emails?

In the default setup, amavis only applies SpamAssassin x-headers into domains matching the template listed in the config file (05-domain_id in the amavis defaults).

The default setup @local_domains_acl = ( ".$mydomain" ); does not match subdomains. To match subdomains, you can override the @local_domains_acl directive in the amavis user config file 50-user with @local_domains_maps = ("."); to match any sort of domain template.

How can I make SpamAssassin better recognize spam?

Put received spams in .Junk/ imap folder using SPAMASSASSIN_SPAM_TO_INBOX=1 and MOVE_SPAM_TO_JUNK=1 and add a user cron like the following:

!!! example

**NOTE:** This example assumes you have a [`/var/mail-state` volume][docs::dms-volumes-state] mounted.

```conf
# m h dom mon dow command
# Everyday 2:00AM, learn spam from a specific user
0 2 * * * docker exec mailserver sa-learn --spam /var/mail/example.com/username/.Junk --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin
```

With docker-compose you can more easily use the internal instance of cron within DMS. This is less problematic than the simple solution shown above, because it decouples the learning from the host on which DMS is running, and avoids errors if the mail server is not running.

The following configuration works nicely:

??? example

**NOTE:** This example assumes you have a [`/var/mail-state` volume][docs::dms-volumes-state] mounted.

Create a _system_ cron file:

```sh
# in the compose.yaml root directory
mkdir -p ./docker-data/dms/cron
touch ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
chown root:root ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
chmod 0644 ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
```

Edit the system cron file `nano ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn`, and set an appropriate configuration:

```conf
# '> /dev/null' to send error notifications from 'stderr' to 'postmaster@example.com'
#
# m h dom mon dow user command
#
# Everyday 2:00AM, learn spam from a specific user
# spam: junk directory
0  2 * * * root  sa-learn --spam /var/mail/example.com/username/.Junk --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
# ham: archive directories
15 2 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/example.com/username/.Archive* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
# ham: inbox subdirectories
30 2 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/example.com/username/cur* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
#
# Everyday 3:00AM, learn spam from all users of a domain
# spam: junk directory
0  3 * * * root  sa-learn --spam /var/mail/not-example.com/*/.Junk --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
# ham: archive directories
15 3 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/not-example.com/*/.Archive* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
# ham: inbox subdirectories
30 3 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/not-example.com/*/cur* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
```

Then with `compose.yaml`:

```yaml
services:
  mailserver:
    image: ghcr.io/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver:latest
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn:/etc/cron.d/sa-learn
```

Or with [Docker Swarm](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/configs/):

```yaml
services:
  mailserver:
    image: ghcr.io/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver:latest
    # ...
    configs:
      - source: my_sa_crontab
        target: /etc/cron.d/sa-learn

configs:
  my_sa_crontab:
    file: ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
```

With the default settings, SpamAssassin will require 200 mails trained for spam (for example with the method explained above) and 200 mails trained for ham (using the same command as above but using --ham and providing it with some ham mails).

• Until you provided these 200+200 mails, SpamAssassin will not take the learned mails into account.
• For further reference, see the SpamAssassin Wiki.

How do I have more control about what SpamAssassin is filtering?

This is related to Amavis processing the mail after SpamAssassin has analyzed it and assigned a spam score.

• DMS provides some common SA tunables via ENV.
• Additional configuration can be managed with the DMS config volume by providing docker-data/dms/config/amavis.cf.

How can I send quarantined mail to a mailbox?

SPAM and INFECTED emails that reach the SA_KILL threshold are archived into quarantine.

Instead of a quarantine folder, you can use a dedicated mailbox instead. Create an account like quarantine@example.com and create docker-data/dms/config/amavis.cf:

$clean_quarantine_to      = "quarantine\@example.com";
$virus_quarantine_to      = "quarantine\@example.com";
$banned_quarantine_to     = "quarantine\@example.com";
$bad_header_quarantine_to = "quarantine\@example.com";
$spam_quarantine_to       = "quarantine\@example.com";