zsh/Doc/Zsh/builtins.yo

texinode(Shell Builtin Commands)(Zsh Line Editor)(Options)(Top)
chapter(Shell Builtin Commands)
ifzman(\
sect(Shell Builtin Commands)
)\
cindex(builtin commands)
cindex(commands, builtin)
def(prefix)(1)(\
findex(ARG1)
item(tt(ARG1) var(simple command))(
See noderef(Precommand Modifiers).
)\
)\
def(alias)(2)(\
findex(ARG1)
item(tt(ARG1))(
Same as tt(ARG2).
)\
)\
startitem()
prefix(-)
findex(.)
item(tt(.) var(file) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Read commands from var(file) and execute them in the current shell
environment.
If var(file) does not contain a slash, or if tt(PATH_DIRS)
is set, the shell looks in the components of tt($path) to find the
directory containing var(file).
Files in the current directory are not read unless `tt(.)' appears
somewhere in tt($path).

If any arguments var(arg) are given,
they become the positional parameters; the old positional
parameters are restored when the var(file) is done executing.
The exit status is the exit status of the last command executed.
)
findex(NOTRANS(:))
cindex(expanding parameters)
cindex(parameters, expanding)
cindex(doing nothing)
item(tt(:) [ var(arg) ... ])(
This command only expands parameters.  A zero exit code is returned.
)
findex(alias)
cindex(aliases, defining)
cindex(aliases, listing)
item(tt(alias) [ tt(-gmrL) ] [ var(name)[tt(=)var(value)] ... ])(
For each var(name) with a corresponding var(value), define an alias
with that value.  A trailing space in var(value) causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution.  If the tt(-g) flag is present,
define a global alias; global aliases are expanded even if they do not
occur in command position.

For each var(name) with no var(value),
print the value of var(name), if any.  With no arguments, print all
currently defined aliases.  If the tt(-m) flag is given the arguments
are taken as patterns (they should be quoted to preserve them from being
interpreted as glob patterns), and the aliases matching these patterns
are printed.  When printing aliases and the tt(-g) or tt(-r) flags
are present, then restrict the printing to global or regular
aliases, respectively.

If the tt(-L) flag is present, then print each
alias in a manner suitable for putting in a startup script.  The exit
status is nonzero if a var(name) (with no var(value)) is given for
which no alias has been defined.
)
findex(autoload)
cindex(functions, autoloading)
cindex(autoloading functions)
alias(autoload)(functions -u)
findex(bg)
cindex(jobs, backgrounding)
xitem(tt(bg) [ var(job) ... ])
item(var(job) ... tt(&))(
Put each specified var(job) in the background,
or the current job if none is specified.
)
findex(break)
cindex(exiting loops)
cindex(loops, exiting)
item(tt(break) [ var(n) ])(
Exit from an enclosing tt(for), tt(while),
tt(until), tt(select) or tt(repeat) loop.  If var(n)
is specified, then break var(n) levels instead of just one.
)
findex(builtin)
item(tt(builtin) var(name) [ var(args) ... ])(
Executes the builtin var(name), with the given var(args).
)
alias(bye)(exit)
findex(cd)
cindex(directories, changing)
xitem(tt(cd) [ tt(-sLP) ] [ var(arg) ])
xitem(tt(cd) [ tt(-sLP) ] var(old) var(new))
item(tt(cd) [ tt(-sLP) ] {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}var(n))(
Change the current directory.  In the first form, change the
current directory to var(arg), or to the value of tt($HOME) if
var(arg) is not specified.  If var(arg) is `tt(-)', change to the
value of tt($OLDPWD), the previous directory.
If a directory named var(arg) is not found in the current directory
and var(arg) does not begin with a slash,
search each component of the shell parameter tt(cdpath).
If the option tt(CDABLE_VARS) is set, and a parameter named var(arg)
exists whose value begins with a slash, treat its value as
the directory.

The second form of tt(cd) substitutes the string var(new)
for the string var(old) in the name of the current directory,
and tries to change to this new directory.

The third form of tt(cd) extracts an entry from the directory
stack, and changes to that directory.  An argument of the form
`tt(PLUS())var(n)' identifies a stack entry by counting from the left
of the list shown by the tt(dirs) command, starting with zero.
An argument of the form `tt(-)var(n)' counts from the right.
If the tt(PUSHD_MINUS) option is set, the meanings of `tt(PLUS())'
and `tt(-)' in this context are swapped.

If the tt(-s) option is specified, tt(cd) refuses to change the current
directory if the given pathname contains symlinks.  If the tt(-P) option
is given or the tt(CHASE_LINKS) option is set, symbolic links are resolved
to their true values.  If the tt(-L) option is given symbolic links are
followed regardless of the state of the tt(CHASE_LINKS) option.
)
alias(chdir)(cd)
prefix(command)
findex(continue)
cindex(loops, continuing)
cindex(continuing loops)
item(tt(continue) [ var(n) ])(
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
tt(for), tt(while), tt(until), tt(select) or
tt(repeat) loop.  If var(n) is specified, break out of
var(n)-1 loops and resume at the var(n)th enclosing loop.
)
alias(declare)(typeset)
findex(dirs)
cindex(directory stack, printing)
item(tt(dirs) [ tt(-v) ] [ var(arg) ... ])(
With no arguments, print the contents of the directory stack.
If the tt(-v) option is given, number the directories
in the stack when printing.
Directories are added to this stack with the tt(pushd) command,
and removed with the tt(cd) or tt(popd) commands.
If arguments are specified, load them onto the directory stack,
replacing anything that was there, and push the current directory
onto the stack.
)
findex(disable)
cindex(disabling commands)
cindex(commands, disabling)
item(tt(disable) [ tt(-afmr) ] var(name) ...)(
Temporarily disable the var(name)d hash table elements.  The default
is to disable builtin commands.  This allows you to use an external
command with the same name as a builtin command.  The tt(-a) option
causes tt(disable) to act on aliases.  The tt(-f) option causes
tt(disable) to act on shell functions.  The tt(-r) options causes
tt(disable) to act on reserved words.  Without arguments all disabled
hash table elements from the corresponding hash table are printed.
With the tt(-m) flag the arguments are taken as patterns (should be
quoted to preserve them from being taken as glob patterns), and all hash
table elements from the corresponding hash table matching these patterns
are disabled.  Disabled objects can be enabled with the tt(enable)
command.
)
findex(disown)
cindex(jobs, disowning)
xitem(tt(disown) [ var(job) ... ])
xitem(var(job) ... tt(&|))
item(var(job) ... tt(&!))(
Remove the specified var(job)s from the job table; the shell will
no longer report their status, and will not complain if you
try to exit an interactive shell with them running or stopped.
If no var(job) is specified, disown the current job.
)
findex(echo)
item(tt(echo) [ tt(-neE) ] [ var(arg) ... ])(
Write each var(arg) on the standard output, with a space separating
each one.
If the tt(-n) flag is not present, print a newline at the end.
tt(echo) recognizes the following escape sequences:

startsitem()
sitem(tt(\a))(bell character)
sitem(tt(\b))(backspace)
sitem(tt(\c))(suppress final newline)
sitem(tt(\e))(escape)
sitem(tt(\f))(form feed)
sitem(tt(\n))(linefeed (newline))
sitem(tt(\r))(carriage return)
sitem(tt(\t))(horizontal tab)
sitem(tt(\v))(vertical tab)
sitem(tt(\\))(backslash)
sitem(tt(\0)var(NNN))(character code in octal)
sitem(tt(\x)var(NN))(character code in hexadecimal)
endsitem()

pindex(BSD_ECHO, use of)
The tt(-E) flag, or the tt(BSD_ECHO) option, can be used to disable
these escape sequences.  In the latter case, tt(-e) flag can be used to
enable them.
)
findex(echotc)
cindex(termcap string, printing)
item(tt(echotc) var(cap) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Output the termcap string corresponding to the capability
var(cap), with optional arguments.
)
findex(emulate)
cindex(compatibility, sh)
cindex(compatibility, ksh)
cindex(compatibility, csh)
cindex(sh, compatibility)
cindex(ksh, compatibility)
cindex(csh, compatibility)
item(tt(emulate) [ tt(-R) ] {tt(zsh)|tt(sh)|tt(ksh)|tt(csh)})(
Set up zsh options to emulate the specified shell as much as possible.
bf(csh) will never be fully emulated.
If the argument is not one of the shells listed above, tt(zsh)
will be used as a default.  If the tt(-R) option is given, all options
are reset to their default value corresponding to the specified emulation
mode.
)
findex(enable)
cindex(enabling commands)
cindex(commands, enabling)
item(tt(enable) [ tt(-afmr) ] var(name) ...)(
Enable the var(name)d hash table elements, presumably disabled
earlier with tt(disable).  The default is to enable builtin commands.
The tt(-a) option causes tt(enable) to act on aliases.  The tt(-f)
option causes tt(enable) to act on shell functions.  The tt(-r)
option causes tt(enable) to act on reserved words.  Without arguments
all enabled hash table elements from the corresponding hash table are
printed.  With the tt(-m) flag the arguments are taken as patterns
(should be quoted) and all hash table elements from the corresponding
hash table matching these patterns are enabled.  Enabled objects can be
disabled with the tt(disable) builtin command.
)
findex(eval)
cindex(evaluating arguments as commands)
item(tt(eval) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the resulting
command in the current shell process.
)
prefix(exec)
findex(exit)
item(tt(exit) [ var(n) ])(
Exit the shell with the exit code specified by var(n); if none
is specified, use the exit code from the last command executed.
pindex(IGNORE_EOF, use of)
An EOF condition will also cause the shell to exit, unless
the tt(IGNORE_EOF) option is set.
)
findex(export)
item(tt(export) [ var(name)[tt(=)var(value)] ... ])(
The specified var(name)s are marked for automatic export
to the environment of subsequently executed commands.
Equivalent to tt(typeset -x), except that no parameter will be created
to hide an existing one in an outer scope.
If a parameter specified does not
already exist, it is created in the global scope.
)
findex(false)
cindex(doing nothing, unsuccessfully)
item(tt(false) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Do nothing and return an exit code of 1.
)
findex(fc)
cindex(history, editing)
cindex(editing history)
xitem(tt(fc) [ tt(-e) var(ename) ] [ tt(-nlrdDfEim) ] [ var(old)tt(=)var(new) ... ] [ var(first) [ var(last) ] ])
item(tt(fc) tt(-ARWI) [ var(filename) ])(
Select a range of commands from var(first) to var(last) from the
history list.
The arguments var(first) and var(last) may be specified as a
number or as a string.  A negative number is used as an offset
to the current history event number.
A string specifies the most recent event beginning with the given string.
All substitutions var(old)tt(=)var(new), if any, are then performed
on the commands.

If the tt(-l) flag is given, the resulting commands are listed on
standard output.
If the tt(-m) flag is also given the first argument is taken as a
pattern (should be quoted) and only the history events matching this
pattern will be shown.
Otherwise the editor program var(ename) is invoked on a file containing
these history events.  If var(ename) is not given, the value
of the parameter tt(FCEDIT) is used.  If var(ename) is `tt(-)',
no editor is invoked.  When editing is complete, the edited
command is executed.

If var(first) is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the most recent
event), or to -16 if the tt(-l) flag is given.
If var(last) is not specified, it will be set to var(first),
or to -1 if the tt(-l) flag is given.

The flag tt(-r) reverses the order of the commands and the
flag tt(-n) suppresses command numbers when listing.
Also when listing, tt(-d) prints timestamps for each command, and
tt(-f) prints full time-date stamps.  Adding the tt(-E) flag
causes the dates to be printed as `var(dd)tt(.)var(mm)tt(.)var(yyyy)',
instead of the default `var(mm)tt(/)var(dd)tt(/)var(yyyy)'.
Adding the tt(-i) flag causes the dates to be printed in ISO8601
`var(yyyy)tt(-)var(mm)tt(-)var(dd)' format.
With the tt(-D) flag, tt(fc) prints elapsed times.

cindex(history, file)
cindex(file, history)
tt(fc -R) reads the history from the given file,
tt(fc -W) writes the history out to the given file,
and tt(fc -A) appends the history out to the given file.
If the tt(-I) option is added, only those
events that are new since last incremental append (write) to
the history file are appended (written).
In any case the file will have no more than tt($SAVEHIST)
entries.
)
findex(fg)
cindex(jobs, foregrounding)
cindex(jobs, resuming)
xitem(tt(fg) [ var(job) ... ])
item(var(job) ...)(
Bring each specified var(job) in turn to the foreground.
If no var(job) is specified, resume the current job.
)
findex(functions)
item(tt(functions) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(tum) ] [ var(name) ... ])(
Equivalent to tt(typeset -f).
)
findex(getln)
cindex(line, reading)
cindex(reading a line)
item(tt(getln) [ tt(-AclneE) ] var(name) ...)(
Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it in
the shell parameter tt(name).  Equivalent to
tt(read -zr).
)
findex(getopts)
cindex(options, processing)
item(tt(getopts) var(optstring) var(name) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Checks the var(arg)s for legal options.  If the var(arg)s are omitted,
use the positional parameters.  A valid option argument
begins with a `tt(PLUS())' or a `tt(-)'.  An argument not beginning with
a `tt(PLUS())' or a `tt(-)', or the argument `tt(--)', ends the options.
var(optstring) contains the letters that tt(getopts)
recognizes.  If a letter is followed by a `tt(:)', that option
is expected to have an argument.  The options can be
separated from the argument by blanks.

Each time it is invoked, tt(getopts) places the option letter it finds
in the shell parameter var(name), prepended with a `tt(PLUS())' when
var(arg) begins with a `tt(PLUS())'.  The index of the next var(arg)
is stored in tt(OPTIND).  The option argument, if any,
is stored in tt(OPTARG).
vindex(OPTIND, use of)
vindex(OPTARG, use of)

A leading `tt(:)' in var(optstring) causes tt(getopts) to store the
letter of the invalid option in tt(OPTARG), and to set var(name)
to `tt(?)' for an unknown option and to `tt(:)' when a required option
is missing.  Otherwise, tt(getopts) prints an error
message.  The exit status is nonzero when there are no more options.
)
findex(hash)
item(tt(hash) [ tt(-dfmrv) ] [ var(name)[tt(=)var(value)] ] ...)(
tt(hash) can be used to directly modify the contents of the command
hash table, and the named directory hash table.  Normally one would
modify these tables by modifying one's tt(PATH)
(for the command hash table) or by creating appropriate shell parameters
(for the named directory hash table).
The choice of hash table to work on is determined by the tt(-d) option;
without the option the command hash table is used, and with the option the
named directory hash table is used.

Given no arguments, and neither the tt(-r) or tt(-f) options,
the selected hash table will be listed in full.

The tt(-r) option causes the selected hash table to be emptied.
It will be subsequently rebuilt in the normal fashion.
The tt(-f) option causes the selected hash table to be fully
rebuilt immediately.  For the command hash table this hashes
all the absolute directories in the tt(PATH),
and for the named directory hash table this adds all users' home directories.
These two options cannot be used with any arguments.

The tt(-m) option causes the arguments to be taken as patterns
(they should be quoted) and the elements of the hash table
matching those patterns are printed.  This is the only way to display
a limited selection of hash table elements.

For each var(name) with a corresponding var(value), put `var(name)' in
the selected hash table, associating it with the pathname `var(value)'.
In the command hash table, this means that
whenever `var(name)' is used as a command argument, the shell will try
to execute the file given by `var(value)'.
In the named directory hash table, this means
that `var(value)' may be referred to as `tt(~)var(name)'.

For each var(name) with no
corresponding var(value), attempt to add var(name) to the hash table,
checking what the appropriate tt(value) is in the normal manner for
that hash table.  If an appropriate tt(value) can't be found, then
the hash table will be unchanged.

The tt(-v) option causes hash table entries to be listed as they are
added by explicit specification.  If has no effect if used with tt(-f).
)
alias(history)(fc -l)
findex(integer)
item(tt(integer) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(lrtux) ] [ var(name)[tt(=)var(value)] ... ])(
Equivalent to tt(typeset -i), except that options irrelevant to
integers are not permitted.
)
findex(jobs)
xitem(tt(jobs) [ tt(-dlprs) ] [ var(job) ... ])
item(tt(jobs -Z) var(string))(
Lists information about each given job, or all jobs
if var(job) is omitted.  The tt(-l) flag lists process
IDs, and the tt(-p) flag lists process groups.
If the tt(-r) flag is specified only running jobs will be listed
and if the tt(-s) flag is given only stopped jobs are shown.
If the tt(-d) flag is given, the directory from which the job was
started (which may not be the current directory of the job) will also
be shown.

The tt(-Z) option replaces the shell's argument and environment space with
the given string, truncated if necessary to fit.  This will normally be
visible in tt(ps) (manref(ps)(1)) listings.  This feature is typically
used by daemons, to indicate their state.
)
findex(kill)
cindex(killing jobs)
cindex(jobs, killing)
xitem(tt(kill) [ tt(-s) var(signal_name) ] var(job) ...)
xitem(tt(kill) [ tt(-)var(sig) ] var(job) ...)
item(tt(kill) tt(-l) [ var(sig) ... ])(
Sends either tt(SIGTERM) or the specified signal to the given
jobs or processes.
Signals are given by number or by names, without the `tt(SIG)' prefix.
If the signal being sent is not `tt(KILL)' or `tt(CONT)', then the job
will be sent a `tt(CONT)' signal if it is stopped.
The argument var(job) can be the process ID of a job
not in the job list.
In the third form, tt(kill -l), if var(sig) is not
specified the signal names are listed.  Otherwise, for each
var(sig) that is a name, the corresponding signal number is
listed.  For each var(sig) that is a signal number or a number
representing the exit status of a process which was terminated or
stopped by a signal the name of the signal is printed.
)
findex(let)
item(tt(let) var(arg) ...)(
Evaluate each var(arg) as an arithmetic expression.
See noderef(Arithmetic Evaluation) for a description
of arithmetic expressions.  The exit status is 0 if the
value of the last expression is nonzero, and 1 otherwise.
)
findex(limit)
cindex(resource limits)
cindex(limits, resource)
item(tt(limit) [ tt(-hs) ] [ var(resource) [ var(limit) ] ] ...)(
Set or display resource limits.  Unless the tt(-s) flag is given,
the limit applies only the children of the shell.  If tt(-s) is
given without other arguments, the resource limits of the current
shell is set to the previously set resource limits of the children.

If var(limit) is not specified, print the current limit placed
on var(resource), otherwise
set the limit to the specified value.  If the tt(-h) flag
is given, use hard limits instead of soft limits.
If no var(resource) is given, print all limits.

var(resource) can be one of:

startsitem()
sitem(tt(memorylocked))(Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.)
sitem(tt(resident))(Maximum resident set size.)
sitem(tt(vmemorysize))(Maximum amount of virtual memory.)
sitem(tt(descriptors))(Maximum value for a file descriptor.)
sitem(tt(coredumpsize))(Maximum size of a core dump.)
sitem(tt(stacksize))(Maximum stack size for each process.)
sitem(tt(datasize))(Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.)
sitem(tt(filesize))(Largest single file allowed.)
sitem(tt(cputime))(Maximum CPU seconds per process.)
sitem(tt(maxproc))(Maximum number of processes.)
sitem(tt(addressspace))(Maximum amount of address space used.)
sitem(tt(cachedthreads))(Maximum number of cached threads.)
endsitem()

Which of these resource limits are available depends on the system.
var(resource) can be abbreviated to any unambiguous prefix.

var(limit) is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:

startsitem()
sitem(var(n)tt(h))(hours)
sitem(var(n)tt(k))(kilobytes (default))
sitem(var(n)tt(m))(megabytes or minutes)
sitem([var(mm)tt(:)]var(ss))(minutes and seconds)
endsitem()
)
findex(local)
item(tt(local) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(LRZilrtu) [var(n)]] [ var(name)[tt(=)var(value)] ] ...)(
Same as tt(typeset), except that the options tt(-x) and
tt(-f) are not permitted.
)
findex(log)
vindex(watch, use of)
cindex(watching users)
cindex(users, watching)
item(tt(log))(
List all users currently logged in who are affected by
the current setting of the tt(watch) parameter.
)
findex(logout)
item(tt(logout) [ var(n) ])(
Same as tt(exit), except that it only works in a login shell.
)
prefix(noglob)
findex(popd)
item(tt(popd) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}var(n) ])(
Removes a entry from the directory stack, and perform a tt(cd) to
the new top directory. With no argument, the current top entry is
removed.  An argument of the form `tt(PLUS())var(n)' identifies a stack
entry by counting from the left of the list shown by the tt(dirs) command,
starting with zero.  An argument of the form tt(-n) counts from the right.
pindex(PUSHD_MINUS, use of)
If the tt(PUSHD_MINUS) option is set, the meanings of `tt(PLUS())' and
`tt(-)' in this context are swapped.
)
findex(print)
item(tt(print) [ tt(-nrslzpNDPoOicm) ] [ tt(-u)var(n) ] [ tt(-R) [ tt(-en) ]] [ var(arg) ... ])(
With no flags or with flag `tt(-)', the arguments are printed on
the standard output as described by tt(echo), with the following differences:
the escape sequence `tt(\M-)var(x)' metafies the character
var(x) (sets the highest bit),
`tt(\C-)var(x)' produces a control character (`tt(\C-@)' and `tt(\C-?)' give the
characters NUL and delete), and `tt(\E)' is a synonym for `tt(\e)'.
Finally, if not in an escape
sequence, `tt(\)' escapes the following character and is not printed.

startitem()
item(tt(-r))(
Ignore the escape conventions of tt(echo).
)
item(tt(-R))(
Emulate the BSD tt(echo) command, which does not process escape sequences
unless the tt(-e) flag is given.  The tt(-n) flag suppresses the trailing
newline.  Only the tt(-e) and tt(-n) flags are recognized after
tt(-R); all other arguments and options are printed.
)
item(tt(-m))(
Take the first argument as a pattern (should be quoted), and remove
it from the argument list together with subsequent arguments that
do not match this pattern.
)
item(tt(-s))(
Place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.
)
item(tt(-n))(
Do not add a newline to the output.
)
item(tt(-l))(
Print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spaces.
)
item(tt(-N))(
Print the arguments separated and terminated by nulls.
)
item(tt(-o))(
Print the arguments sorted in ascending order.
)
item(tt(-O))(
Print the arguments sorted in descending order.
)
item(tt(-i))(
If given together with tt(-o) or tt(-O), makes them work case
independently.
)
item(tt(-c))(
Print the arguments in columns.
)
item(tt(-u)var(n))(
Print the arguments to file descriptor var(n).
)
item(tt(-p))(
Print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.
)
item(tt(-z))(
Push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack, separated by spaces;
no escape sequences are recognized.
)
item(tt(-D))(
Treat the arguments as directory names, replacing prefixes with tt(~)
expressions, as appropriate.
)
item(tt(-P))(
Perform prompt expansion (see noderef(Prompt Expansion)).
)
enditem()
)
findex(pushd)
pindex(PUSHD_TO_HOME, use of)
pindex(PUSHD_MINUS, use of)
pindex(CDABLE_VARS, use of)
pindex(PUSHD_SILENT, use of)
xitem(tt(pushd) [ var(arg) ])
xitem(tt(pushd) var(old) var(new))
item(tt(pushd) {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}var(n))(
Change the current directory, and push the old current directory
onto the directory stack.  In the first form, change the
current directory to var(arg).
If var(arg) is not specified, change to the second directory
on the stack (that is, exchange the top two entries), or
change to tt($HOME) if the tt(PUSHD_TO_HOME)
option is set or if there is only one entry on the stack.

If var(arg) is `tt(-)', change to tt($OLDPWD), the previous directory.
If a directory named var(arg) is not found in the current directory
and var(arg) does not contain a slash,
search each component of the shell parameter tt(cdpath).
If the option tt(CDABLE_VARS) is set, and a parameter named var(arg)
exists whose value begins with a slash, treat its value as
the directory.

If the option tt(PUSHD_SILENT) is not set, the directory
stack will be printed after a tt(pushd) is performed.

The second form of tt(pushd) substitutes the string var(new)
for the string var(old) in the name of the current directory,
and tries to change to this new directory.

The third form of tt(pushd) changes directory by rotating the
directory list.  An argument of the form `tt(PLUS())var(n)' identifies a stack
entry by counting from the left of the list shown by the tt(dirs)
command, starting with zero.  An argument of the form `tt(-)var(n)' counts
from the right.  If the tt(PUSHD_MINUS) option is set, the meanings
of `tt(PLUS())' and `tt(-)' in this context are swapped.
)
findex(pushln)
item(tt(pushln) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Equivalent to tt(print -nz).
)
findex(pwd)
pindex(CHASE_LINKS, use of)
item(tt(pwd) [ tt(-rLP) ])(
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
If the tt(-r) or the tt(-P) flag is specified, or the tt(CHASE_LINKS)
option is set and the tt(-L) flag is not given, the printed path will not
contain symbolic links.
)
alias(r)(fc -e -)
findex(read)
vindex(IFS, use of)
item(tt(read) [ tt(-rzpqAclneE) ] [ tt(-k) [ var(num) ] ] \
[ tt(-u)var(n) ] [ var(name)[tt(?)var(prompt)] ] [ var(name) ...  ])(
Read one line and break it into fields using the characters
in tt($IFS) as separators, except as noted below.
The first field is assigned to the first var(name), the second field
to the second var(name), etc., with leftover
fields assigned to the last var(name).

startitem()
item(tt(-r))(
Raw mode: a `tt(\)' at the end of a line does not signify line
continuation.
)
item(tt(-q))(
Read only one character from the terminal and set var(name) to
`tt(y)' if this character was `tt(y)' or `tt(Y)' and to `tt(n)' otherwise.
With this flag set the return value is zero only if the character was
`tt(y)' or `tt(Y)'.  Note that this always reads from the terminal, even
if used with the tt(-p) or tt(-u) or tt(-z) flags or with redirected input.
)
item(tt(-k) [ var(num) ])(
Read only one (or var(num)) characters.  All are assigned to the first
var(name), without word splitting.  This flag is ignored when tt(-q) is
present.  Input is read from the terminal unless one of tt(-u) or tt(-p)
is present.
)
item(tt(-z))(
Read one entry from the editor buffer stack and assign it to the first
var(name), without word splitting.  Text is pushed onto the stack with
`tt(print -z)' or with tt(push-line) from the line editor (see
ifzman(zmanref(zshzle))\
ifnzman(noderef(Zsh Line Editor))\
).  This flag is ignored when the tt(-k) or tt(-q) flags are present.
)
xitem(tt(-e))
item(tt(-E))(
The input read is printed (echoed) to the standard output.  If the tt(-e)
flag is used, no input is assigned to the parameters.
)
item(tt(-A))(
The first var(name) is taken as the name of an array and all words are
assigned to it.
)
xitem(tt(-c))
item(tt(-l))(
These flags are allowed only if called inside a
function used for completion (specified with the tt(-K) flag to
tt(compctl)).  If the tt(-c) flag is given, the words of the
current command are read. If the tt(-l) flag is given, the whole
line is assigned as a scalar.  If both flags are present, tt(-l)
is used and tt(-c) is ignored.  If var(name) is omitted then
tt(REPLY) is used for scalars and tt(reply) for arrays.
)
item(tt(-n))(
Together with tt(-c), the number of the word the cursor is on is
read.  With tt(-l), the index of the character the cursor is on is
read.  Note that the command name is word number 1, not word 0,
and that when the cursor is at the end of the line, its character
index is the length of the line plus one.
)
item(tt(-u)var(n))(
Input is read from file descriptor var(n).
)
item(tt(-p))(
Input is read from the coprocess.
)
enditem()

If the first argument contains a `tt(?)', the remainder of this
word is used as a var(prompt) on standard error when the shell
is interactive.

The value (exit status) of tt(read) is 1 when an end-of-file is
encountered, or when tt(-c) or tt(-l) is present and the command is
not called from a tt(compctl) function.  Otherwise the value is 0.

The behavior of some combinations of the tt(-k), tt(-p), tt(-q), tt(-u)
and tt(-z) flags is undefined.  Presently tt(-q) cancels all the others,
tt(-p) cancels tt(-u), tt(-k) cancels tt(-z), and otherwise tt(-z)
cancels both tt(-p) and tt(-u).

The tt(-c) or tt(-l) flags cancel any and all of tt(-kpquz).
)
cindex(parameters, marking readonly)
alias(readonly)(typeset -r)
alias(rehash)(hash -r)
findex(return)
cindex(functions, returning from)
item(tt(return) [ var(n) ])(
Causes a shell function or tt(.) script to return to
the invoking script with the return status specified by var(n).  If var(n)
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
executed.

If tt(return) was executed from a trap in a tt(TRAP)var(NAL) function,
the effect is different for zero and non-zero return status.  With zero
status (or after an implicit return at the end of the trap), the shell
will return to whatever it was previously processing; with a non-zero
status, the shell will behave as interrupted except that the return
status of the trap is retained.  Note that the signal which caused the
trap is passed as the first argument, so the statement `tt(return
$((128PLUS()$1)))' will return the same status as if the signal had not
been trapped.
)
findex(set)
cindex(parameters, listing)
cindex(parameters, positional)
cindex(parameters, setting array)
cindex(array parameters, setting)
item(tt(set) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}var(options) | {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(o) var(option_name) ] ... [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(A) [ var(name) ] ] [ var(arg) ... ])(
Set the options for the shell and/or set the positional parameters, or
declare and set an array.  If the tt(-s) option is given, it causes the
specified arguments to be sorted before assigning them to the positional
parameters (or to the array var(name) if tt(-A) is used).  With tt(PLUS()s)
sort arguments in descending order.  For the meaning of the other flags, see
ifzman(zmanref(zshoptions))\
ifnzman(noderef(Options))\
.  Flags may be specified by name using the tt(-o) option.

If the tt(-A) flag is specified, var(name) is
set to an array containing the given var(arg)s. if tt(PLUS()A) is used and
var(name) is an array, the given arguments will replace the initial
elements of that array; if no var(name) is specified, all arrays are
printed.  Otherwise the positional parameters are set.  If no arguments are
given, then the names and values of all parameters are printed on the
standard output.  If the only argument is `tt(PLUS())',
the names of all parameters are printed.
)
findex(setopt)
cindex(options, setting)
item(tt(setopt) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}var(options) | \
{tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(o) var(option_name) ] [ var(name) ... ])(
Set the options for the shell.  All options specified either
with flags or by name are set.  If no arguments are supplied,
the names of all options currently set are printed.
If the tt(-m) flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns
(which should be quoted to preserve them from being interpreted as glob
patterns), and all options with names matching these patterns are set.
)
findex(shift)
cindex(parameters, positional)
item(tt(shift) [ var(n) ] [ var(name) ... ])(
The positional parameters tt(${)var(n)PLUS()1tt(}) ... are renamed
to tt($1) ..., where var(n) is an arithmetic expression that
defaults to 1.
If any var(name)s are given then the arrays with these names are
shifted instead of the positional parameters.
)
findex(source)
item(tt(source) var(file) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Same as tt(.), except that the current directory is always searched and
is always searched first, before directories in tt($path).
)
findex(suspend)
cindex(shell, suspending)
cindex(suspending the shell)
item(tt(suspend) [ tt(-f) ])(
Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a tt(SIGTSTP))
until it receives a tt(SIGCONT).
Unless the tt(-f) option is given, this will refuse to suspend a login shell.
)
findex(test)
xitem(tt(test) [ var(arg) ... ])
item(tt([) [ var(arg) ... ] tt(]))(
Like the system version of tt(test).  Added for compatibility;
use conditional expressions instead (see noderef(Conditional Expressions)).
)
findex(times)
cindex(shell, timing)
cindex(timing the shell)
item(tt(times))(
Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell
and for processes run from the shell.
)
findex(trap)
cindex(signals, trapping)
cindex(trapping signals)
item(tt(trap) [ var(arg) [ var(sig) ... ] ])(
var(arg) is a command to be read and executed when the shell
receives var(sig).  Each var(sig) can be given as a number
or as the name of a signal.
If var(arg) is `tt(-)', then all traps var(sig) are reset to their
default values.  If var(arg) is the null string, then this signal
is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.

If var(sig) is tt(ZERR) then var(arg) will be executed
after each command with a nonzero exit status.
If var(sig) is tt(DEBUG) then var(arg) will be executed
after each command.
If var(sig) is tt(0) or tt(EXIT)
and the tt(trap) statement is executed inside the body of a function,
then the command var(arg) is executed after the function completes.
If var(sig) is tt(0) or tt(EXIT)
and the tt(trap) statement is not executed inside the body of a function,
then the command var(arg) is executed when the shell terminates.

The tt(trap) command with no arguments prints a list of commands
associated with each signal.
)
findex(true)
cindex(doing nothing, successfully)
item(tt(true) [ var(arg) ... ])(
Do nothing and return an exit code of 0.
)
findex(ttyctl)
cindex(tty, freezing)
item(tt(ttyctl) tt(-fu))(
The tt(-f) option freezes the tty, and tt(-u) unfreezes it.
When the tty is frozen, no changes made to the tty settings by
external programs will be honored by the shell, except for changes in the
size of the screen; the shell will
simply reset the settings to their previous values as soon as each
command exits or is suspended.  Thus, tt(stty) and similar programs have
no effect when the tty is frozen.  Without options it reports whether the
terminal is frozen or not.
)
findex(type)
item(tt(type) [ tt(-wfpams) ] var(name) ...)(
Equivalent to tt(whence -v).
)
findex(typeset)
cindex(parameters, setting)
cindex(parameters, declaring)
item(tt(typeset) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(LRUZfilrtuxm) [var(n)]] [ var(name)[tt(=)var(value)] ... ])(
Set attributes and values for shell parameters.
When invoked inside a function a new parameter is created which will be
unset when the function completes.  The new parameter will not be
exported unless tt(ALL_EXPORT) is set, in which case the parameter will be
exported provided no parameter of that name already exists.
The following attributes are valid:

startitem()
item(tt(-L))(
Left justify and remove leading blanks from var(value).
If var(n) is nonzero, it defines the width of the field;
otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of the first
assignment.
When the parameter is printed, it is filled on the right with
blanks or truncated if necessary to fit the field.
Leading zeros are removed if the tt(-Z) flag is also set.
)
item(tt(-R))(
Right justify and fill with leading blanks.  If var(n) is nonzero
if defines the width of the field;
otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of the first
assignment.
When the parameter is printed, the field is left filled with
blanks or truncated from the end.
)
item(tt(-U))(
For arrays keep only the first element of each duplications. It can also be
set for colon separated special parameters like tt(PATH) or tt(FIGNORE),
etc.
)
item(tt(-Z))(
Right justify and fill with leading zeros if the first non-blank
character is a digit and the tt(-L) flag has not been set.
If var(n) is nonzero it defines the width of the field;
otherwise it is determined by the width of the value of the
first assignment.
)
item(tt(-f))(
The names refer to functions rather than parameters.  No assignments
can be made, and the only other valid flags are tt(-t)
and tt(-u).  The flag tt(-t) turns on execution tracing for this
function.  The flag tt(-u) causes this function to be marked
for autoloading.  The tt(fpath) parameter will be searched to find the
function definition when the function is first referenced; see
noderef(Functions).
)
item(tt(-i))(
Use an internal integer representation.  If var(n) is nonzero
it defines the output arithmetic base, otherwise it is determined by the first
assignment.
)
item(tt(-l))(
Convert to lower case.
)
item(tt(-r))(
The given var(name)s are marked readonly.
)
item(tt(-t))(
Tags the named parameters.  Tags have no special meaning to the shell.
)
item(tt(-u))(
Convert to upper case.
)
item(tt(-x))(
Mark for automatic export to the environment of subsequently
executed commands.
)
enditem()

Using `tt(PLUS())' rather than `tt(-)' causes these flags to be turned off.
If no arguments are given but flags are specified,
a list of named parameters which have these flags set is printed.
Using `tt(PLUS())' instead of `tt(-)' keeps their values from being printed.
If no arguments or options are given, the names and attributes
of all parameters are printed. If only the tt(-m) flag is given the
arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all parameters
or functions (with the tt(-f) flag) with matching names are printed.
)
findex(ulimit)
cindex(resource limits)
cindex(limits, resource)
item(tt(ulimit) [ tt(-SHacdflmnpstv) [ tt(limit) ] ... ])(
Set or display resource limits of the shell and the processes started by
the shell.  The value of var(limit) can be a number in the unit specified
below or the value `tt(unlimited)'.  If the tt(-H) flag is given use
hard limits instead of soft limits.  If the tt(-S) flag is given
together with the tt(-H) flag set both hard and soft limits.  If no
options are used, the file size limit (tt(-f)) is assumed.  If
var(limit) is omitted the current value of the specified resources are
printed.  When more than one resource values are printed the limit name and
unit is printed before each value.

startsitem()
sitem(tt(-a))(Lists all of the current resource limits.)
sitem(tt(-c))(512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.)
sitem(tt(-d))(K-bytes on the size of the data segment.)
sitem(tt(-f))(512-byte blocks on the size of files written.)
sitem(tt(-l))(K-bytes on the size of locked-in memory.)
sitem(tt(-m))(K-bytes on the size of physical memory.)
sitem(tt(-n))(open file descriptors.)
sitem(tt(-s))(K-bytes on the size of the stack.)
sitem(tt(-t))(CPU seconds to be used.)
sitem(tt(-u))(processes available to the user.)
sitem(tt(-v))(K-bytes on the size of virtual memory.)
endsitem()
)
findex(umask)
cindex(umask)
item(tt(umask) [ tt(-S) ] [ var(mask) ])(
The umask is set to var(mask).  var(mask) can be either
an octal number or a symbolic value as described in manref(chmod)(1).
If var(mask) is omitted, the current value is printed.  The tt(-S)
option causes the mask to be printed as a symbolic value.  Otherwise,
the mask is printed as an octal number.  Note that in
the symbolic form the permissions you specify are those which are to be
allowed (not denied) to the users specified.
)
cindex(aliases, removing)
alias(unalias)(unhash -a)
cindex(functions, removing)
alias(unfunction)(unhash -f)
findex(unhash)
item(tt(unhash) [ tt(-adfm) ] var(name) ...)(
Remove the element named var(name) from an internal hash table.  The
default is remove elements from the command hash table.  The tt(-a)
option causes tt(unhash) to remove aliases.  The tt(-f) option causes
tt(unhash) to remove shell functions.  The tt(-d) options causes
tt(unhash) to remove named directories.  If the tt(-m) flag is given
the arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all elements
of the corresponding hash table with matching names will be removed.
)
findex(unlimit)
cindex(resource limits)
cindex(limits, resource)
item(tt(unlimit) [ tt(-hs) ] var(resource) ...)(
The resource limit for each var(resource) is set to the hard limit.
If the tt(-h) flag is given and the shell has appropriate privileges,
the hard resource limit for each var(resource) is removed.
The resources of the shell process are only changed if the tt(-s)
flag is given.
)
findex(unset)
cindex(parameters, unsetting)
item(tt(unset) [ tt(-fm) ] var(name) ...)(
Each named parameter is unset.
Local parameters remain local even if unset; they appear unset within scope,
but the previous value will still reappear when the scope ends.

If the tt(-m) flag is specified the
arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all parameters
with matching names are unset.  tt(unset -f) is equivalent to
tt(unfunction).
)
findex(unsetopt)
cindex(options, unsetting)
item(tt(unsetopt) [ {tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}var(options) | \
{tt(PLUS())|tt(-)}tt(o) var(option_name) ] [ var(name) ... ])(
Unset the options for the shell.  All options specified either
with flags or by name are unset.  If no arguments are supplied,
the names of all options currently unset are printed.
If the tt(-m) flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns
(which should be quoted to preserve them from being interpreted as glob
patterns), and all options with names matching these patterns are unset.
)
findex(wait)
cindex(waiting for jobs)
cindex(jobs, waiting for)
item(tt(wait) [ var(job) ... ])(
Wait for the specified jobs or processes.  If var(job) is not given
then all currently active child processes are waited for.
Each var(job) can be either a job specification or the process ID
of a job in the job table.
The exit status from this command is that of the job waited for.
)
findex(whence)
item(tt(whence) [ tt(-vcwfpams) ] var(name) ...)(
For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.

startitem()
item(tt(-v))(
Produce a more verbose report.
)
item(tt(-c))(
Print the results in a bf(csh)-like format.
This takes precedence over tt(-v).
)
item(tt(-w))(
For each var(name), print `var(name)tt(:) var(word)' where var(word)
is one of tt(alias), tt(builtin), tt(command), tt(function),
tt(hashed), tt(reserved) or tt(none), according as var(name)
corresponds to an alias, a built-in command, an external command, a
shell function, a command defined with the tt(hash) builtin, a
reserved word, or is not recognised.  This takes precedence over
tt(-v) and tt(-c).
)
item(tt(-f))(
Causes the contents of a shell function to be
displayed, which would otherwise not happen unless the tt(-c)
flag were used.
)
item(tt(-p))(
Do a path search for var(name)
even if it is an alias, reserved word, shell function or builtin.
)
item(tt(-a))(
Do a search for all occurrences of var(name)
throughout the command path.
Normally only the first occurrence is printed.
)
item(tt(-m))(
The arguments are taken as patterns (should be
quoted), and the information is displayed for each command matching one
of these patterns.
)
item(tt(-s))(
If a pathname contains symlinks, print the symlink-free pathname as well.
)
enditem()
)
findex(where)
item(tt(where) [ tt(-wpms) ] var(name) ...)(
Equivalent to tt(whence -ca).
)
findex(which)
item(tt(which) [ tt(-wpams) ] var(name) ...)(
Equivalent to tt(whence -c).
)
findex(zmodload)
cindex(modules, loading)
cindex(loading modules)
xitem(tt(zmodload) [ tt(-iL) ] [ var(name) ... ])
xitem(tt(zmodload) tt(-u) [ tt(-i) ] var(name) ...)
xitem(tt(zmodload) tt(-d) [ tt(-L) ] [ var(name) [ var(dep) ... ] ])
xitem(tt(zmodload) tt(-du) var(name) [ var(dep) ... ])
xitem(tt(zmodload) tt(-a) [ tt(-iL) ] [ var(name) [ var(builtin) ... ] ])
item(tt(zmodload) tt(-au) [ tt(-i) ] var(builtin) ...)(
tt(zmodload) performs operations relating to zsh's loadable modules.
This feature is not available on all operating systems,
or on all installations on a particular operating system.

In the simplest case,
tt(zmodload) loads a binary module.  The module must be in a file with a
name consisting of the specified var(name) followed by a standard suffix,
usually `tt(.so)'.  If this can't be found, the var(name) is tried without
the suffix.
If the module to be loaded is already loaded and the tt(-i)
option is given, the duplicate module is ignored.  Otherwise
tt(zmodload) prints an error message.

The var(name)d module is searched for in the same way a command is, using
tt($module_path) instead of tt($path).  If var(name) contains a `tt(/)',
it will be used as-is, and a path search will be performed otherwise.
This behaviour can be modified by the tt(PATH_DIRS) option.
cindex(PATH_DIRS, use of)

With tt(-u), tt(zmodload) unloads modules.  The same var(name)
must be given that was given when the module was loaded, but it is not
necessary for the module to exist in the filesystem.
The tt(-i) option suppresses the error if the module is already
unloaded (or was never loaded).

Each module has a boot and a cleanup function.  The module
will not be loaded if its boot function fails.  Similarly a module
can only be unloaded if its cleanup function runs successfully.

Without arguments all currently loaded binary modules are printed.
The tt(-L) option causes this list to be in the form of a series of
tt(zmodload) commands.

The tt(-d) option can be used to specify module dependencies.
This operation is idempotent regardless of the tt(-i) option.
The modules named in the second and subsequent arguments will be
loaded before the module named in the first argument.

With tt(-d) and one
argument, all dependencies for that module are listed.  With tt(-d) and no
arguments, all module dependencies are listed.
This listing is by default in a Makefile-like format.
The tt(-L) option changes this format to a list of
tt(zmodload -d) commands.

If tt(-d) and tt(-u) are both used, dependencies are removed.
This operation is idempotent regardless of the tt(-i) option.
If only one argument is given, all dependencies for that module are removed.

The tt(-a) option defines autoloaded builtins.  It defines the
specified var(builtin)s.  When any of those builtins is called, the module
specified in the first argument is loaded.  If only one argument is given,
one builtin is defined, with the same name as the module.
tt(-i) suppresses the error if the builtin is already defined or
autoloaded, regardless of which module it came from.

With tt(-a) and no arguments, all
autoloaded builtins are listed, with the module name (if different)
shown in parentheses after the builtin name.  The tt(-L) option changes
this format to a list of tt(zmodload -a) commands.

If tt(-a) is used
together with the tt(-u) option it removes builtins defined with
tt(zmodload -a).  This is only possible if the builtin is not yet
loaded.  tt(-i) suppresses the error if the builtin is already
removed (or never existed).
)
enditem()