zsh/Doc/Zsh/mod_system.yo

COMMENT(!MOD!zsh/system
A builtin interface to various low-level system features.
!MOD!)
The tt(zsh/system) module makes available three builtin commands and
two parameters.

sect(Builtins)

startitem()
findex(syserror)
item(tt(syserror) tt([ -e) var(errvar) tt(] [ -p) var(prefix) tt(] [) var(errno) tt(|) var(errname) tt(]))(
This command prints out the error message associated with var(errno), a
system error number, followed by a newline to standard error.

Instead of the error number, a name var(errname), for example
tt(ENOENT), may be used.  The set of names is the same as the contents
of the array tt(errnos), see below.

If the string var(prefix) is given, it is printed in front of the error
message, with no intervening space.

If var(errvar) is supplied, the entire message, without a newline, is
assigned to the parameter names var(errvar) and nothing is output.

A return status of 0 indicates the message was successfully printed
(although it may not be useful if the error number was out of the
system's range), a return status of 1 indicates an error in the
parameters, and a return status of 2 indicates the error name was
not recognised (no message is printed for this).
)
findex(sysread)
xitem(tt(sysread [ -c) var(countvar) tt(] [ -i) var(infd) tt(] [ -o) var(outfd) tt(]))
item(  tt([ -s) var(bufsize) tt(] [ -t) var(timeout) tt(] [) var(param) tt(]))(
Perform a single system read from file descriptor var(infd), or zero if
that is not given.  The result of the read is stored in var(param) or
var(REPLY) if that is not given.  If var(countvar) is given, the number
of bytes read is assigned to the parameter named by var(countvar).

The maximum number of bytes read is var(bufsize) or 8192 if that is not
given, however the command returns as soon as any number of bytes was
successfully read.

If var(timeout) is given, it specifies a timeout in seconds, which may
be zero to poll the file descriptor.  This is handled by the tt(poll)
system call if available, otherwise the tt(select) system call if
available.

If var(outfd) is given, an attempt is made to write all the bytes just
read to the file descriptor var(outfd).  If this fails, because of a
system error other than tt(EINTR) or because of an internal zsh error
during an interrupt, the bytes read but not written are stored in the
parameter named by var(param) if supplied (no default is used in this
case), and the number of bytes read but not written is stored in the
parameter named by var(countvar) if that is supplied.  If it was
successful, var(countvar) contains the full number of bytes transferred,
as usual, and var(param) is not set.

The error tt(EINTR) (interrupted system call) is handled internally so
that shell interrupts are transparent to the caller.  Any other error
causes a return.

The possible return statuses are
startitem()
item(0)(
At least one byte of data was successfully read and, if appropriate,
written.
)
item(1)(
There was an error in the parameters to the command.  This is the only
error for which a message is printed to standard error.
)
item(2)(
There was an error on the read, or on polling the input file descriptor
for a timeout.  The parameter tt(ERRNO) gives the error.
)
item(3)(
Data were successfully read, but there was an error writing them
to var(outfd).  The parameter tt(ERRNO) gives the error.
)
item(4)(
The attempt to read timed out.  Note this does not set tt(ERRNO) as this
is not a system error.
)
item(5)(
No system error occurred, but zero bytes were read.  This usually
indicates end of file.  The parameters are set according to the
usual rules; no write to var(outfd) is attempted.
)
enditem()
)
item(tt(syswrite [ -c) var(countvar) tt(] [ -o) var(outfd) tt(]) var(data))(
The data (a single string of bytes) are written to the file descriptor
var(outfd), or 1 if that is not given, using the tt(write) system call.
Multiple write operations may be used if the first does not write all
the data.

If var(countvar) is given, the number of byte written is stored in the
parameter named by var(countvar); this may not be the full length of
var(data) if an error occurred.

The error tt(EINTR) (interrupted system call) is handled internally by
retrying; otherwise an error causes the command to return.  For example,
if the file descriptor is set to non-blocking output, an error
tt(EAGAIN) (on some systems, tt(EWOULDBLOCK)) may result in the command
returning early.

The return status may be 0 for success, 1 for an error in the parameters
to the command, or 2 for an error on the write; no error message is
printed in the last case, but the parameter tt(ERRNO) will reflect
the error that occurred.
)
enditem()

sect(Parameters)

startitem()
vindex(errnos)
item(tt(errnos))(
A readonly array of the names of errors defined on the system.  These
are typically macros defined in C by including the system header file
tt(errno.h).  The index of each name (assuming the option tt(KSH_ARRAYS)
is unset) corresponds to the error number.  Error numbers var(num)
before the last known error which have no name are given the name
tt(E)var(num) in the array.

Note that aliases for errors are not handled; only the canonical name is
used.
)
vindex(sysparams)
item(tt(sysparams))(
A readonly associative array.  The keys are:
startitem()
item(tt(pid))(
Returns the process ID of the current process, even in subshells.  Compare
tt($$), which returns the process ID of the main shell process.
)
item(tt(ppid))(
Returns the process ID of the parent of the current process, even in
subshells.  Compare tt($PPID), which returns the process ID of the parent
of the main shell process.
)
enditem()
)
enditem()