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typhoon/topics/maintenance/index.html
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<h1 id="maintenance">Maintenance<a class="headerlink" href="#maintenance" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<h2 id="best-practices">Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Run multiple Kubernetes clusters. Run across platforms. Plan for regional and cloud outages.</li>
<li>Require applications be platform agnostic. Moving an application between a Kubernetes AWS cluster and a Kubernetes bare-metal cluster should be normal.</li>
<li>Strive to make single-cluster outages tolerable. Practice performing failovers.</li>
<li>Strive to make single-cluster outages a non-event. Load balance applications between multiple clusters, automate failover behaviors, and adjust alerting behaviors.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="versioning">Versioning<a class="headerlink" href="#versioning" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Typhoon provides tagged releases to allow clusters to be versioned using ordinary Terraform configs.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>module &quot;yavin&quot; {
source = &quot;git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//google-cloud/fedora-coreos/kubernetes?ref=v1.24.3&quot;
...
}
module &quot;mercury&quot; {
source = &quot;git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//bare-metal/flatcar-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.24.3&quot;
...
}
</code></pre></div>
<p>Master is updated regularly, so it is recommended to <a href="https://www.terraform.io/docs/modules/sources.html">pin</a> modules to a <a href="https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/releases">release tag</a> or <a href="https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/commits/master">commit</a> hash. Pinning ensures <code>terraform get --update</code> only fetches the desired version.</p>
<h2 id="upgrades">Upgrades<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrades" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Typhoon recommends upgrading clusters using a blue-green replacement strategy and migrating workloads.</p>
<ol>
<li>Launch new (candidate) clusters from tagged releases</li>
<li>Apply workloads from existing cluster(s)</li>
<li>Evaluate application health and performance</li>
<li>Migrate application traffic to the new cluster</li>
<li>Compare metrics and delete old cluster when ready</li>
</ol>
<p>Blue-green replacement reduces risk for clusters running critical applications. Candidate clusters allow baseline properties of clusters to be assessed (e.g. pod-to-pod bandwidth). Applying application workloads allows health to be assessed before being subjected to traffic (e.g. detect any changes in Kubernetes behavior between versions). Migration to the new cluster can be controlled according to requirements. Migration may mean updating DNS records to resolve the new cluster's ingress or may involve a load balancer gradually shifting traffic to the new cluster "backend". Retain the old cluster for a time to compare metrics or for fallback if issues arise.</p>
<p>Blue-green replacement provides some subtler benefits as well:</p>
<ul>
<li>Encourages investment in tooling for traffic migration and failovers. When a cluster incident arises, shifting applications to a healthy cluster will be second nature.</li>
<li>Discourages reliance on in-place opaque state. Retain confidence in your ability to create infrastructure from scratch.</li>
<li>Allows Typhoon to make architecture changes between releases and eases the burden on Typhoon maintainers. By contrast, distros promising in-place upgrades get stuck with their mistakes or require complex and error-prone migrations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="bare-metal">Bare-Metal<a class="headerlink" href="#bare-metal" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Typhoon bare-metal clusters are provisioned by a PXE-enabled network boot environment and a <a href="https://github.com/poseidon/matchbox">Matchbox</a> service. To upgrade, re-provision machines into a new cluster.</p>
<p>Failover application workloads to another cluster (varies).</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>kubectl config use-context other-context
kubectl apply -f mercury -R
# DNS or load balancer changes
</code></pre></div>
<p>Power off bare-metal machines and set their next boot device to PXE.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>ipmitool -H node1.example.com -U USER -P PASS power off
ipmitool -H node1.example.com -U USER -P PASS chassis bootdev pxe
</code></pre></div>
<p>Delete or comment the Terraform config for the cluster.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>- module &quot;mercury&quot; {
- source = &quot;git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//bare-metal/flatcar-linux/kubernetes&quot;
- ...
-}
</code></pre></div>
<p>Apply to delete old provisioning configs from Matchbox.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ terraform apply
Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 55 destroyed.
</code></pre></div>
<p>Re-provision a new cluster by following the bare-metal <a href="../../fedora-coreos/bare-metal/#cluster">tutorial</a>.</p>
<h3 id="cloud">Cloud<a class="headerlink" href="#cloud" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Create a new cluster following the tutorials. Failover application workloads to the new cluster (varies).</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>kubectl config use-context other-context
kubectl apply -f mercury -R
# DNS or load balancer changes
</code></pre></div>
<p>Once you're confident in the new cluster, delete the Terraform config for the old cluster.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>- module &quot;yavin&quot; {
- source = &quot;git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//google-cloud/flatcar-linux/kubernetes&quot;
- ...
-}
</code></pre></div>
<p>Apply to delete the cluster.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ terraform apply
Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 55 destroyed.
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="alternatives">Alternatives<a class="headerlink" href="#alternatives" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<h4 id="in-place-edits">In-place Edits<a class="headerlink" href="#in-place-edits" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Typhoon uses a static pod Kubernetes control plane which allows certain manifest upgrades to be performed in-place. Components like <code>kube-apiserver</code>, <code>kube-controller-manager</code>, and <code>kube-scheduler</code> are run as static pods. Components <code>flannel</code>/<code>calico</code>, <code>coredns</code>, and <code>kube-proxy</code> are scheduled on Kubernetes and can be edited via <code>kubectl</code>.</p>
<p>In certain scenarios, in-place edits can be useful for quickly rolling out security patches (e.g. bumping <code>coredns</code>) or prioritizing speed over the safety of a proper cluster re-provision and transition.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Rarely, we may test certain security in-place edits and mention them as an option in release notes.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Typhoon does not support or document in-place edits as an upgrade strategy. They involve inherent risks and we choose not to make recommendations or guarentees about the safety of different in-place upgrades. Its explicitly a non-goal.</p>
</div>
<h4 id="node-replacement">Node Replacement<a class="headerlink" href="#node-replacement" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Typhoon supports multi-controller clusters, so it is possible to upgrade a cluster by deleting and replacing nodes one by one.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Typhoon does not support or document node replacement as an upgrade strategy. It limits Typhoon's ability to make infrastructure and architectural changes between tagged releases.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="upgrade-terraform-provider-ct">Upgrade terraform-provider-ct<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrade-terraform-provider-ct" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct">terraform-provider-ct</a> plugin parses, validates, and converts Fedora CoreOS or Flatcar Linux Configs into Ignition user-data for provisioning instances. Since Typhoon v1.12.2+, the plugin can be updated in-place so that on apply, only workers will be replaced.</p>
<p>Update the version of the <code>ct</code> plugin in each Terraform working directory. Typhoon clusters managed in the working directory <strong>must</strong> be v1.12.2 or higher.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="w">provider &quot;ct&quot; {}</span>
<span class="w">terraform {</span>
<span class="w"> </span> required_providers {<span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span> ct = {<span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span> source = &quot;poseidon/ct&quot;<span class="w"></span>
<span class="gd">- version = &quot;0.8.0&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="gi">+ version = &quot;0.9.0&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span> }<span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span> ...<span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span> }<span class="w"></span>
<span class="w">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Run init and plan to check that no diff is proposed for the controller nodes (a diff would destroy cluster state).</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>terraform init
terraform plan
</code></pre></div>
<p>Apply the change. Worker nodes' user-data will be changed and workers will be replaced. Rollout happens slightly differently on each platform:</p>
<h4 id="aws">AWS<a class="headerlink" href="#aws" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>AWS creates a new worker ASG, then removes the old ASG. New workers join the cluster and old workers disappear. <code>terraform apply</code> will hang during this process.</p>
<h4 id="azure">Azure<a class="headerlink" href="#azure" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Azure edits the worker scale set in-place instantly. Manually terminate workers to create replacement workers using the new user-data.</p>
<h4 id="bare-metal_1">Bare-Metal<a class="headerlink" href="#bare-metal_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>No action is needed. Bare-Metal machines do not re-PXE unless explicitly made to do so.</p>
<h4 id="digitalocean">DigitalOcean<a class="headerlink" href="#digitalocean" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>DigitalOcean destroys existing worker nodes and DNS records, then creates new workers and DNS records. DigitalOcean lacks a "managed group" notion. For worker droplets to join the cluster, you <strong>must</strong> taint the secret copying step to indicate it must be repeated to add the kubeconfig to new workers.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code># old workers destroyed, new workers created
terraform apply
# add kubeconfig to new workers
terraform state list | grep null_resource
terraform taint module.nemo.null_resource.copy-worker-secrets[N]
terraform apply
</code></pre></div>
<p>Expect downtime.</p>
<h4 id="google-cloud">Google Cloud<a class="headerlink" href="#google-cloud" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<p>Google Cloud creates a new worker template and edits the worker instance group instantly. Manually terminate workers and replacement workers will use the user-data.</p>
<h2 id="terraform-versions">Terraform Versions<a class="headerlink" href="#terraform-versions" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Terraform <a href="https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/announcing-hashicorp-terraform-0-13">v0.13</a> introduced major changes to the provider plugin system. Terraform <code>init</code> can automatically install both <code>hashicorp</code> and <code>poseidon</code> provider plugins, eliminating the need to manually install plugin binaries.</p>
<p>Typhoon modules have been updated for v0.13.x. Poseidon publishes <a href="/topics/security/#terraform-providers">providers</a> to the Terraform Provider Registry for usage with v0.13+.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Typhoon Release</th>
<th>Terraform version</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>v1.21.2 - ?</td>
<td>v0.13.x, v0.14.4+, v0.15.x, v1.0.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.21.1 - v1.21.1</td>
<td>v0.13.x, v0.14.4+, v0.15.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.20.2 - v1.21.0</td>
<td>v0.13.x, v0.14.4+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.20.0 - v1.20.2</td>
<td>v0.13.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.18.8 - v1.19.4</td>
<td>v0.12.26+, v0.13.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.15.0 - v1.18.8</td>
<td>v0.12.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.10.3 - v1.15.0</td>
<td>v0.11.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.9.2 - v1.10.2</td>
<td>v0.10.4+ or v0.11.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.7.3 - v1.9.1</td>
<td>v0.10.x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>v1.6.4 - v1.7.2</td>
<td>v0.9.x</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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