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introduce credentials API

There are a few places in git that need to get a username
and password credential from the user; the most notable one
is HTTP authentication for smart-http pushing.

Right now the only choices for providing credentials are to
put them plaintext into your ~/.netrc, or to have git prompt
you (either on the terminal or via an askpass program). The
former is not very secure, and the latter is not very
convenient.

Unfortunately, there is no "always best" solution for
password management. The details will depend on the tradeoff
you want between security and convenience, as well as how
git can integrate with other security systems (e.g., many
operating systems provide a keychain or password wallet for
single sign-on).

This patch provides an abstract notion of credentials as a
data item, and provides three basic operations:

  - fill (i.e., acquire from external storage or from the
    user)

  - approve (mark a credential as "working" for further
    storage)

  - reject (mark a credential as "not working", so it can
    be removed from storage)

These operations can be backed by external helper processes
that interact with system- or user-specific secure storage.

Signed-off-by: Jeff King <peff@peff.net>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
This commit is contained in:
Jeff King 2011-12-10 05:31:11 -05:00 committed by Junio C Hamano
parent 89650285d8
commit abca927dbe
8 changed files with 773 additions and 0 deletions

1
.gitignore vendored
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@ -167,6 +167,7 @@
/gitweb/static/gitweb.js
/gitweb/static/gitweb.min.*
/test-chmtime
/test-credential
/test-ctype
/test-date
/test-delta

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@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
credentials API
===============
The credentials API provides an abstracted way of gathering username and
password credentials from the user (even though credentials in the wider
world can take many forms, in this document the word "credential" always
refers to a username and password pair).
Data Structures
---------------
`struct credential`::
This struct represents a single username/password combination
along with any associated context. All string fields should be
heap-allocated (or NULL if they are not known or not applicable).
The meaning of the individual context fields is the same as
their counterparts in the helper protocol; see the section below
for a description of each field.
+
The `helpers` member of the struct is a `string_list` of helpers. Each
string specifies an external helper which will be run, in order, to
either acquire or store credentials. See the section on credential
helpers below.
+
This struct should always be initialized with `CREDENTIAL_INIT` or
`credential_init`.
Functions
---------
`credential_init`::
Initialize a credential structure, setting all fields to empty.
`credential_clear`::
Free any resources associated with the credential structure,
returning it to a pristine initialized state.
`credential_fill`::
Instruct the credential subsystem to fill the username and
password fields of the passed credential struct by first
consulting helpers, then asking the user. After this function
returns, the username and password fields of the credential are
guaranteed to be non-NULL. If an error occurs, the function will
die().
`credential_reject`::
Inform the credential subsystem that the provided credentials
have been rejected. This will cause the credential subsystem to
notify any helpers of the rejection (which allows them, for
example, to purge the invalid credentials from storage). It
will also free() the username and password fields of the
credential and set them to NULL (readying the credential for
another call to `credential_fill`). Any errors from helpers are
ignored.
`credential_approve`::
Inform the credential subsystem that the provided credentials
were successfully used for authentication. This will cause the
credential subsystem to notify any helpers of the approval, so
that they may store the result to be used again. Any errors
from helpers are ignored.
Example
-------
The example below shows how the functions of the credential API could be
used to login to a fictitious "foo" service on a remote host:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
int foo_login(struct foo_connection *f)
{
int status;
/*
* Create a credential with some context; we don't yet know the
* username or password.
*/
struct credential c = CREDENTIAL_INIT;
c.protocol = xstrdup("foo");
c.host = xstrdup(f->hostname);
/*
* Fill in the username and password fields by contacting
* helpers and/or asking the user. The function will die if it
* fails.
*/
credential_fill(&c);
/*
* Otherwise, we have a username and password. Try to use it.
*/
status = send_foo_login(f, c.username, c.password);
switch (status) {
case FOO_OK:
/* It worked. Store the credential for later use. */
credential_accept(&c);
break;
case FOO_BAD_LOGIN:
/* Erase the credential from storage so we don't try it
* again. */
credential_reject(&c);
break;
default:
/*
* Some other error occured. We don't know if the
* credential is good or bad, so report nothing to the
* credential subsystem.
*/
}
/* Free any associated resources. */
credential_clear(&c);
return status;
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Credential Helpers
------------------
Credential helpers are programs executed by git to fetch or save
credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply
longer than a single git process; e.g., credentials may be stored
in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk).
Each helper is specified by a single string. The string is transformed
by git into a command to be executed using these rules:
1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell
snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command.
2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the
verbatim helper string becomes the command.
3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper
string, and the result becomes the command.
The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it
(see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell.
Here are some example specifications:
----------------------------------------------------
# run "git credential-foo"
foo
# same as above, but pass an argument to the helper
foo --bar=baz
# the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell
# quoting if necessary
foo --bar="whitespace arg"
# you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper
/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments
# or you can specify your own shell snippet
!f() { echo "password=`cat $HOME/.secret`"; }; f
----------------------------------------------------
Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify.
Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their
users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in
the $PATH or $GIT_EXEC_PATH during installation, which will allow a user
to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`.
When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument
appended to its command line, which is one of:
`get`::
Return a matching credential, if any exists.
`store`::
Store the credential, if applicable to the helper.
`erase`::
Remove a matching credential, if any, from the helper's storage.
The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin
stream. The credential is split into a set of named attributes.
Attributes are provided to the helper, one per line. Each attribute is
specified by a key-value pair, separated by an `=` (equals) sign,
followed by a newline. The key may contain any bytes except `=`,
newline, or NUL. The value may contain any bytes except newline or NUL.
In both cases, all bytes are treated as-is (i.e., there is no quoting,
and one cannot transmit a value with newline or NUL in it). The list of
attributes is terminated by a blank line or end-of-file.
Git will send the following attributes (but may not send all of
them for a given credential; for example, a `host` attribute makes no
sense when dealing with a non-network protocol):
`protocol`::
The protocol over which the credential will be used (e.g.,
`https`).
`host`::
The remote hostname for a network credential.
`path`::
The path with which the credential will be used. E.g., for
accessing a remote https repository, this will be the
repository's path on the server.
`username`::
The credential's username, if we already have one (e.g., from a
URL, from the user, or from a previously run helper).
`password`::
The credential's password, if we are asking it to be stored.
For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes
on stdout in the same format. A helper is free to produce a subset, or
even no values at all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided
attributes will overwrite those already known about by git.
For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored.
If it fails to perform the requested operation, it may complain to
stderr to inform the user. If it does not support the requested
operation (e.g., a read-only store), it should silently ignore the
request.
If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the
request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older
helpers will just ignore the new requests).

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@ -431,6 +431,7 @@ PROGRAM_OBJS += sh-i18n--envsubst.o
PROGRAMS += $(patsubst %.o,git-%$X,$(PROGRAM_OBJS))
TEST_PROGRAMS_NEED_X += test-chmtime
TEST_PROGRAMS_NEED_X += test-credential
TEST_PROGRAMS_NEED_X += test-ctype
TEST_PROGRAMS_NEED_X += test-date
TEST_PROGRAMS_NEED_X += test-delta
@ -525,6 +526,7 @@ LIB_H += compat/win32/poll.h
LIB_H += compat/win32/dirent.h
LIB_H += connected.h
LIB_H += convert.h
LIB_H += credential.h
LIB_H += csum-file.h
LIB_H += decorate.h
LIB_H += delta.h
@ -609,6 +611,7 @@ LIB_OBJS += connect.o
LIB_OBJS += connected.o
LIB_OBJS += convert.o
LIB_OBJS += copy.o
LIB_OBJS += credential.o
LIB_OBJS += csum-file.o
LIB_OBJS += ctype.o
LIB_OBJS += date.o

234
credential.c Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
#include "cache.h"
#include "credential.h"
#include "string-list.h"
#include "run-command.h"
void credential_init(struct credential *c)
{
memset(c, 0, sizeof(*c));
c->helpers.strdup_strings = 1;
}
void credential_clear(struct credential *c)
{
free(c->protocol);
free(c->host);
free(c->path);
free(c->username);
free(c->password);
string_list_clear(&c->helpers, 0);
credential_init(c);
}
static void credential_describe(struct credential *c, struct strbuf *out)
{
if (!c->protocol)
return;
strbuf_addf(out, "%s://", c->protocol);
if (c->username && *c->username)
strbuf_addf(out, "%s@", c->username);
if (c->host)
strbuf_addstr(out, c->host);
if (c->path)
strbuf_addf(out, "/%s", c->path);
}
static char *credential_ask_one(const char *what, struct credential *c)
{
struct strbuf desc = STRBUF_INIT;
struct strbuf prompt = STRBUF_INIT;
char *r;
credential_describe(c, &desc);
if (desc.len)
strbuf_addf(&prompt, "%s for '%s': ", what, desc.buf);
else
strbuf_addf(&prompt, "%s: ", what);
/* FIXME: for usernames, we should do something less magical that
* actually echoes the characters. However, we need to read from
* /dev/tty and not stdio, which is not portable (but getpass will do
* it for us). http.c uses the same workaround. */
r = git_getpass(prompt.buf);
strbuf_release(&desc);
strbuf_release(&prompt);
return xstrdup(r);
}
static void credential_getpass(struct credential *c)
{
if (!c->username)
c->username = credential_ask_one("Username", c);
if (!c->password)
c->password = credential_ask_one("Password", c);
}
int credential_read(struct credential *c, FILE *fp)
{
struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
while (strbuf_getline(&line, fp, '\n') != EOF) {
char *key = line.buf;
char *value = strchr(key, '=');
if (!line.len)
break;
if (!value) {
warning("invalid credential line: %s", key);
strbuf_release(&line);
return -1;
}
*value++ = '\0';
if (!strcmp(key, "username")) {
free(c->username);
c->username = xstrdup(value);
} else if (!strcmp(key, "password")) {
free(c->password);
c->password = xstrdup(value);
} else if (!strcmp(key, "protocol")) {
free(c->protocol);
c->protocol = xstrdup(value);
} else if (!strcmp(key, "host")) {
free(c->host);
c->host = xstrdup(value);
} else if (!strcmp(key, "path")) {
free(c->path);
c->path = xstrdup(value);
}
/*
* Ignore other lines; we don't know what they mean, but
* this future-proofs us when later versions of git do
* learn new lines, and the helpers are updated to match.
*/
}
strbuf_release(&line);
return 0;
}
static void credential_write_item(FILE *fp, const char *key, const char *value)
{
if (!value)
return;
fprintf(fp, "%s=%s\n", key, value);
}
static void credential_write(const struct credential *c, FILE *fp)
{
credential_write_item(fp, "protocol", c->protocol);
credential_write_item(fp, "host", c->host);
credential_write_item(fp, "path", c->path);
credential_write_item(fp, "username", c->username);
credential_write_item(fp, "password", c->password);
}
static int run_credential_helper(struct credential *c,
const char *cmd,
int want_output)
{
struct child_process helper;
const char *argv[] = { NULL, NULL };
FILE *fp;
memset(&helper, 0, sizeof(helper));
argv[0] = cmd;
helper.argv = argv;
helper.use_shell = 1;
helper.in = -1;
if (want_output)
helper.out = -1;
else
helper.no_stdout = 1;
if (start_command(&helper) < 0)
return -1;
fp = xfdopen(helper.in, "w");
credential_write(c, fp);
fclose(fp);
if (want_output) {
int r;
fp = xfdopen(helper.out, "r");
r = credential_read(c, fp);
fclose(fp);
if (r < 0) {
finish_command(&helper);
return -1;
}
}
if (finish_command(&helper))
return -1;
return 0;
}
static int credential_do(struct credential *c, const char *helper,
const char *operation)
{
struct strbuf cmd = STRBUF_INIT;
int r;
if (helper[0] == '!')
strbuf_addstr(&cmd, helper + 1);
else if (is_absolute_path(helper))
strbuf_addstr(&cmd, helper);
else
strbuf_addf(&cmd, "git credential-%s", helper);
strbuf_addf(&cmd, " %s", operation);
r = run_credential_helper(c, cmd.buf, !strcmp(operation, "get"));
strbuf_release(&cmd);
return r;
}
void credential_fill(struct credential *c)
{
int i;
if (c->username && c->password)
return;
for (i = 0; i < c->helpers.nr; i++) {
credential_do(c, c->helpers.items[i].string, "get");
if (c->username && c->password)
return;
}
credential_getpass(c);
if (!c->username && !c->password)
die("unable to get password from user");
}
void credential_approve(struct credential *c)
{
int i;
if (c->approved)
return;
if (!c->username || !c->password)
return;
for (i = 0; i < c->helpers.nr; i++)
credential_do(c, c->helpers.items[i].string, "store");
c->approved = 1;
}
void credential_reject(struct credential *c)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < c->helpers.nr; i++)
credential_do(c, c->helpers.items[i].string, "erase");
free(c->username);
c->username = NULL;
free(c->password);
c->password = NULL;
c->approved = 0;
}

28
credential.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
#ifndef CREDENTIAL_H
#define CREDENTIAL_H
#include "string-list.h"
struct credential {
struct string_list helpers;
unsigned approved:1;
char *username;
char *password;
char *protocol;
char *host;
char *path;
};
#define CREDENTIAL_INIT { STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP }
void credential_init(struct credential *);
void credential_clear(struct credential *);
void credential_fill(struct credential *);
void credential_approve(struct credential *);
void credential_reject(struct credential *);
int credential_read(struct credential *, FILE *);
#endif /* CREDENTIAL_H */

33
t/lib-credential.sh Executable file
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@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
#!/bin/sh
# Try a set of credential helpers; the expected stdin,
# stdout and stderr should be provided on stdin,
# separated by "--".
check() {
read_chunk >stdin &&
read_chunk >expect-stdout &&
read_chunk >expect-stderr &&
test-credential "$@" <stdin >stdout 2>stderr &&
test_cmp expect-stdout stdout &&
test_cmp expect-stderr stderr
}
read_chunk() {
while read line; do
case "$line" in
--) break ;;
*) echo "$line" ;;
esac
done
}
cat >askpass <<\EOF
#!/bin/sh
echo >&2 askpass: $*
what=`echo $1 | cut -d" " -f1 | tr A-Z a-z | tr -cd a-z`
echo "askpass-$what"
EOF
chmod +x askpass
GIT_ASKPASS="$PWD/askpass"
export GIT_ASKPASS

195
t/t0300-credentials.sh Executable file
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@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
#!/bin/sh
test_description='basic credential helper tests'
. ./test-lib.sh
. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-credential.sh
test_expect_success 'setup helper scripts' '
cat >dump <<-\EOF &&
whoami=`echo $0 | sed s/.*git-credential-//`
echo >&2 "$whoami: $*"
while IFS== read key value; do
echo >&2 "$whoami: $key=$value"
eval "$key=$value"
done
EOF
cat >git-credential-useless <<-\EOF &&
#!/bin/sh
. ./dump
exit 0
EOF
chmod +x git-credential-useless &&
cat >git-credential-verbatim <<-\EOF &&
#!/bin/sh
user=$1; shift
pass=$1; shift
. ./dump
test -z "$user" || echo username=$user
test -z "$pass" || echo password=$pass
EOF
chmod +x git-credential-verbatim &&
PATH="$PWD:$PATH"
'
test_expect_success 'credential_fill invokes helper' '
check fill "verbatim foo bar" <<-\EOF
--
username=foo
password=bar
--
verbatim: get
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'credential_fill invokes multiple helpers' '
check fill useless "verbatim foo bar" <<-\EOF
--
username=foo
password=bar
--
useless: get
verbatim: get
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'credential_fill stops when we get a full response' '
check fill "verbatim one two" "verbatim three four" <<-\EOF
--
username=one
password=two
--
verbatim: get
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'credential_fill continues through partial response' '
check fill "verbatim one \"\"" "verbatim two three" <<-\EOF
--
username=two
password=three
--
verbatim: get
verbatim: get
verbatim: username=one
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'credential_fill passes along metadata' '
check fill "verbatim one two" <<-\EOF
protocol=ftp
host=example.com
path=foo.git
--
username=one
password=two
--
verbatim: get
verbatim: protocol=ftp
verbatim: host=example.com
verbatim: path=foo.git
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'credential_approve calls all helpers' '
check approve useless "verbatim one two" <<-\EOF
username=foo
password=bar
--
--
useless: store
useless: username=foo
useless: password=bar
verbatim: store
verbatim: username=foo
verbatim: password=bar
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'do not bother storing password-less credential' '
check approve useless <<-\EOF
username=foo
--
--
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'credential_reject calls all helpers' '
check reject useless "verbatim one two" <<-\EOF
username=foo
password=bar
--
--
useless: erase
useless: username=foo
useless: password=bar
verbatim: erase
verbatim: username=foo
verbatim: password=bar
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'usernames can be preserved' '
check fill "verbatim \"\" three" <<-\EOF
username=one
--
username=one
password=three
--
verbatim: get
verbatim: username=one
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'usernames can be overridden' '
check fill "verbatim two three" <<-\EOF
username=one
--
username=two
password=three
--
verbatim: get
verbatim: username=one
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'do not bother completing already-full credential' '
check fill "verbatim three four" <<-\EOF
username=one
password=two
--
username=one
password=two
--
EOF
'
# We can't test the basic terminal password prompt here because
# getpass() tries too hard to find the real terminal. But if our
# askpass helper is run, we know the internal getpass is working.
test_expect_success 'empty helper list falls back to internal getpass' '
check fill <<-\EOF
--
username=askpass-username
password=askpass-password
--
askpass: Username:
askpass: Password:
EOF
'
test_expect_success 'internal getpass does not ask for known username' '
check fill <<-\EOF
username=foo
--
username=foo
password=askpass-password
--
askpass: Password:
EOF
'
test_done

38
test-credential.c Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
#include "cache.h"
#include "credential.h"
#include "string-list.h"
static const char usage_msg[] =
"test-credential <fill|approve|reject> [helper...]";
int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
const char *op;
struct credential c = CREDENTIAL_INIT;
int i;
op = argv[1];
if (!op)
usage(usage_msg);
for (i = 2; i < argc; i++)
string_list_append(&c.helpers, argv[i]);
if (credential_read(&c, stdin) < 0)
die("unable to read credential from stdin");
if (!strcmp(op, "fill")) {
credential_fill(&c);
if (c.username)
printf("username=%s\n", c.username);
if (c.password)
printf("password=%s\n", c.password);
}
else if (!strcmp(op, "approve"))
credential_approve(&c);
else if (!strcmp(op, "reject"))
credential_reject(&c);
else
usage(usage_msg);
return 0;
}