diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index e5885cc9ea..0f0485ecfe 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -1042,7 +1042,6 @@ struct repository_format {
 	int worktree_config;
 	int is_bare;
 	int hash_algo;
-	int has_extensions;
 	char *work_tree;
 	struct string_list unknown_extensions;
 };
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index 597b41b822..e34b073577 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -455,7 +455,6 @@ static int check_repo_format(const char *var, const char *value, void *vdata)
 	if (strcmp(var, "core.repositoryformatversion") == 0)
 		data->version = git_config_int(var, value);
 	else if (skip_prefix(var, "extensions.", &ext)) {
-		data->has_extensions = 1;
 		/*
 		 * record any known extensions here; otherwise,
 		 * we fall through to recording it as unknown, and
@@ -553,13 +552,16 @@ int upgrade_repository_format(int target_version)
 	if (repo_fmt.version >= target_version)
 		return 0;
 
-	if (verify_repository_format(&repo_fmt, &err) < 0 ||
-	    (!repo_fmt.version && repo_fmt.has_extensions)) {
-		warning("unable to upgrade repository format from %d to %d: %s",
-			repo_fmt.version, target_version, err.buf);
+	if (verify_repository_format(&repo_fmt, &err) < 0) {
+		error("cannot upgrade repository format from %d to %d: %s",
+		      repo_fmt.version, target_version, err.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&err);
 		return -1;
 	}
+	if (!repo_fmt.version && repo_fmt.unknown_extensions.nr)
+		return error("cannot upgrade repository format: "
+			     "unknown extension %s",
+			     repo_fmt.unknown_extensions.items[0].string);
 
 	strbuf_addf(&repo_version, "%d", target_version);
 	git_config_set("core.repositoryformatversion", repo_version.buf);
diff --git a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
index 51d1eba605..6aa0f313bd 100755
--- a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ test_expect_success 'convert shallow clone to partial clone' '
 	test_cmp_config -C client 1 core.repositoryformatversion
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'converting to partial clone fails with noop extension' '
+test_expect_success 'convert to partial clone with noop extension' '
 	rm -fr server client &&
 	test_create_repo server &&
 	test_commit -C server my_commit 1 &&
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ test_expect_success 'converting to partial clone fails with noop extension' '
 	git clone --depth=1 "file://$(pwd)/server" client &&
 	test_cmp_config -C client 0 core.repositoryformatversion &&
 	git -C client config extensions.noop true &&
-	test_must_fail git -C client fetch --unshallow --filter="blob:none"
+	git -C client fetch --unshallow --filter="blob:none"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'converting to partial clone fails with unrecognized extension' '